Ubuntu,Mysql二进制安装流程以及常见错误
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云计算大会抢票倒计时 高校俱乐部“我是Coding之星” 【社区之星】专访汪海洋：程序员的程序缘Ubuntu,Mysql二进制安装流程以及常见错误
分类： 服务器调试及管理 LINUX_STEP_BY_STEP文档 2011-11-24 20:171644人阅读 评论(1)收藏 举报mysqlubuntushellairdatabasecommand 前言
这篇博文是以前写的，有些地方不是很专业，大家凑合看吧，当然按照步骤成功安装MYSQL是不成问题的。
安装环境说明：
系统：ubuntu 11.10
MySql:mysql 5.5.17
1，在Root下尝试
主要由于我在普通用户下的权限问题搞的有点头大，所以切了过来。
1.1 MYSQL安装
在这里先列一下安装说明里面的解答：
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[*]To install and use a MySQL binary distribution, the basic command
[*]sequence looks like this:
[*]shell> groupadd mysql
[*]shell> useradd -r -g mysql mysql
[*]shell> cd /usr/local
[*]shell> tar zxvf /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz
[*]shell> ln -s full-path-to-mysql-VERSION-OS mysql
[*]shell> cd mysql
[*]shell> chown -R mysql .
[*]shell> chgrp -R mysql .
[*]shell> scripts/msql_install_db --user=mysql
[*]shell> chown -R root .
[*]shell> chown -R mysql data
[*]# Next command is optional
[*]shell> cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf
[*]shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
[*]# Next command is optional
[*]shell> cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql.server
在普通用户下尝试多次后，还是遇到数据库无法启动的问题，所以，我切到root用户下安装，
提示：ubuntu默认root不设密码，所以你无法登录，在当前用户下，终端输入：sudo passwd root 输入当前用户登录密码，再设置root用户密码就可以了 附命令记录：
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[*]cd /etc
[*]rm my.cnf
[*]rm -rf mysql/
[*]cd /
[*]find -name "mysql" -print
[*]cd /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/
[*]rm -rf mysql
[*]
以上命令是因为已经安装过mysql，会遗留一些垃圾文件，搜寻一下，全部删除。 view plaincopyprint?
[*]groupadd mysql
[*]useradd -r -g mysql mysql
[*]cd /usr/local
[*]cd src
[*]ln -s /usr/local/src/mysql-5.5.17-linux2.6-i686/ mysql
[*]cd mysql
[*]chown -R mysql .
[*]chgrp -R mysql .
[*]scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
[*]chown -R root .
[*]chgrp -R mysql .
[*]chown -R root .
[*]chown -R mysql data
[*]ls -l
[*]bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
前面可能因为没有chown -R mysql data产生了一系列问题，不知道是不是根本原因所在，先记录一下。执行到这地方，命令行会返回一个进程号，终端提示mysql进程启动，一定没有报错才行。这证明mysql启动了。
1.2 测试服务
新开一个终端，进行如下操作：
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[*]/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin version
正常是返回如下：
root@air:~# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin version
/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladminVer 8.42 Distrib 5.5.17, for linux2.6 on i686
Copyright (c) 2000, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Server version5.5.17
Protocol version10
Connection Localhost via UNIX socket
UNIX socket /tmp/mysql.sock
Uptime: 1 min 5 sec
Threads: 1Questions: 1Slow queries: 0Opens: 33Flush tables: 1Open tables: 26Queries per second avg: 0.015
1.3配置参数 接下来，我们把默认的配置文件复制到/etc文件夹下，命名为my.cnf文件，命令如下：
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[*]cd /usr/local/mysql
[*]cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf
现在我们做好了启动服务的准备工作，可以启动了：
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[*]bin/mysql -u root -p
如果正常，返回如下：
root@air:/usr/local/mysql# bin/mysql -u root
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.5.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
# 输\s看下状态，\q退出。
1.4安全配置
现在我们服务起来了，但是密码等都没有设置，接下来我们可以运行如下命令：
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[*]root@air:/usr/local/mysql# bin/mysql_secure_installation
返回如下：我列举出来，其实可以按着INSTALL-BINARY说明文件中的两条语句手工设置密码，删除TEST数据库，和匿名用户等操作，（从安全性讲，一定要做如上动作）但是推荐还是用上面的语句一并设置。
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[*]NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MySQL
[*] SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE!PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!
[*]In order to log into MySQL to secure it, we'll need the current
[*]password for the root user.If you've just installed MySQL, and
[*]you haven't set the root password yet, the password will be blank,
[*]so you should just press enter here.
[*]
[*]Enter current password for root (enter for none):
[*]ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
[*]Enter current password for root (enter for none):
[*]ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
[*]Enter current password for root (enter for none):
[*]OK, successfully used password, moving on...
[*]
[*]Setting the root password ensures that nobody can log into the MySQL
[*]root user without the proper authorisation.
[*]Set root password? y
[*]New password:
[*]Re-enter new password:
[*]Password updated successfully!
[*]Reloading privilege tables..
[*] ... Success!
[*] By default, a MySQL installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone
[*] to log into MySQL without having to have a user account created for
[*] them.This is intended only for testing, and to make the installation
[*] go a bit smoother.You should remove them before moving into a
[*] production environment.
[*] Remove anonymous users? y
[*]... Success!
[*]Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from 'localhost'.This
[*]ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network.
[*] Disallow root login remotely? y
[*]... Success!
[*]By default, MySQL comes with a database named 'test' that anyone ca
[*]access.This is also intended only for testing, and should be removed
[*]before moving into a production environment.
[*]Remove test database and access to it? y
[*]- Dropping test database...
[*]ERROR 1010 (HY000) at line 1: Error dropping database (can't rmdir './test/', errno: 17)
[*] ... Failed!Not critical, keep moving...
[*]- Removing privileges on test database...
[*] ... Success!
[*]Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far
[*]will take effect immediately.
[*] Reload privilege tables now? y
[*]... Success!
[*]
[*]Cleaning up...
[*] All done!If you've completed all of the above steps, your MySQL
[*] installation should now be secure.
[*]
[*] Thanks for using MySQL!
2.环境变量以及自启动
2.1 配置环境变量
但是我们发现每次运行命令基本上都要输入绝对路径，或者在安装目录下运行bin/###.##等，如果用apt-get安装的话是不会遇到这个问题的，主要是安装程序已经帮你做了。这里面我们设置环境变量来解决这个问题，类似Windows下配置JDK环境，需要设置JAVA命令PATH一样，在Ubuntu下，环境变量可以设置成用户级或者系统级，区别是对单个用户还是对全局用户都生效，是对BASH生效还是其他等等，这个我也刚接触，列举下面的操作流程和方法，我采用系统级变量：
系统环境变量一般保存在下面的文件中：
/etc/environment
/etc/profile
/etc/bash.bashrc
/etc/profile和 /etc/bash.bashrc在Ubuntu 10.0版本中不推荐使用。
如想将一个路径加入到$PATH中，可以像下面这样做（修改/etc/profile）：
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[*]$ sudo nano /etc/profile
添加如下语句：
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[*]export PATH="$PATH:/my_new_path"
你可以自己加上指定的多个路径，中间用冒号隔开。环境变量更改后，在用户下次登陆时生效，如果想立刻生效，则可执行下面的语句： view plaincopyprint?
[*]$source /etc/profile
需要注意的是，最好不要把当前路径”./”放到PATH里，这样可能会受到意想不到的攻击。
其他文件的修改方式与此类似，需要注意的是/etc/environment不需要使用export设置环境变量，其他profile文件需要。
这样所有用户下的终端都认识/usr/local/mysql/bin下的命令了。
2.2 配置自启动
可以如下启动：
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[*]/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld //启动Mysql服务
[*]/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql -u root //访问Mysql服务器
[*]/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root -p shutdown //关闭mysql服务器
最好应该使其运行在后台：
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[*]/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld &
让服务开机自动运行
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[*]cp /usr/local/mysql/support-files/my.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[*]sudo update-rc.d mysqld default
把mysqld加入到服务中，重新启动机器即可
当然以后启动可以直接输入
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[*]/etc/init.d/mysqld restart|start
到此，MYSQL的安装工作基本已经做完了。
几个常见错误：
常见错误1：
第一次在普通用户权限下安装，可能因为权限的问题，并丢失了一个操作步骤，所以导致安装成功，但是每次启动总报错：
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[*]air@air:/usr/local/mysql/bin$ sudo /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
[*] 6378
[*]air@air:/usr/local/mysql/bin$ 111116 11:58:56 mysqld_safe Logging to '/var/log/mysql/error.log'.
[*]touch: 无法创建"/var/log/mysql/error.log": 没有那个文件或目录
[*]chown: 无法访问"/var/log/mysql/error.log": 没有那个文件或目录
[*]111116 11:58:56 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /var/lib/mysql
[*]/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe: 107: /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe: cannot create /var/log/mysql/error.log: Directory nonexistent
[*]/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe: 1: eval: cannot create /var/log/mysql/error.log: Directory nonexistent
[*]111116 11:58:57 mysqld_safe mysqld from pid file /var/lib/mysql/air.pid ended
从上面看，应该是设置 MYSQL安装文件夹下data用户以及用户组的问题，因为这个是我唯一没有做的操作，可能导致权限一系列问题。至于所谓.pid文件，并不需要创建，这个和.sock文件是动态自动创建的。怀疑是由于用了mysql用户，但是属性变成了当前用户air，导致这个问题产生。
希望有大牛能够指点一下，不是很明白。
常见错误2：
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[*] air@air:/usr/local/mysql$ scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
[*]FATAL ERROR: Could not find mysqld
[*] The following directories were searched:
[*] /usr/libexec
[*] /usr/sbin
[*] /usr/bin
[*]If you compiled from source, you need to run 'make install' to copy the software into the correct location ready for operation.
[*]If you are using a binary release, you must either be at the top level of the extracted archive, or pass the --basedir option pointing to that locatio
解决方案：这个问题说的比较明显，对于二进制安装来说，一定要在/usr/local文件夹下安装，解压的时候可以在别的文件夹，（最好在/usr/local/src下，便于管理），一定要在/usr/local下建立链接指向你的源二进制包
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[*]命令：ln -s /usr/local/src/mysql-VERSION mysql
[*] 解压：sudo tar zxvf /path/to/your/source.tar.gz
常见问题3：
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[*]air@air:/usr/local/mysql$ sudo scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --basedir=/usr/local/mysql
[*] Installing MySQL system tables...
[*] /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld: error while loading shared libraries: libaio.so.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
[*] Installation of system tables failed!Examine the logs in
[*] /var/lib/mysql for more information.
[*] You can try to start the mysqld daemon with:
[*] shell> /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --skip-grant & and use the command line tool /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql to connect to the mysql database and look at the grant tables:
[*] shell> /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql -u root mysql
[*] mysql> show tables
[*]
[*]Try 'mysqld --help' if you have problems with paths.Using --log gives you a log in /var/lib/mysql that may be helpful.
[*]Please consult the MySQL manual section 'Problems running mysql_install_db', and the manual section that describes problems on your OS.Another information source are the MySQL email archives available at http://lists.mysql.com/.
[*]Please check all of the above before mailing us!And remember, if you do mail us, you MUST use the /usr/local/mysql/scripts/mysqlbug script!
一般同学解决上面的安装文件夹后，往往还会遇到如上问题，如果你安装完ubuntu后，没有更新库或者安装运行支持库的话。
主要是少了libaio.so.1这个文件，网上搜一下，或者新立得或者软件中心搜一下，
知道要安装如下包：
libaio1 0.3.109-2ubuntu1，
安装以下不再报错。
任何问题，欢迎斧正
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