Python 之模块导入
Python之所以应用越来越广泛，在一定程度上也依赖于其为程序员提供了大量的模块以供使用，如果想要使用模块，则需要导入。导入模块有一下几种方法：1
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import module
from module.xx.xx import xx
from module.xx.xx import xx as rename
from module.xx.xx import *
导入模块其实就是告诉Python解释器去解释那个py文件
[*]导入一个py文件，解释器解释该py文件
[*]导入一个包，解释器解释该包下的 __init__.py 文件
那么问题来了，导入模块时是根据那个路径作为基准来进行的呢？即：sys.path
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>>> import sys
>>> print sys.path
['', 'C:\\WINDOWS\\SYSTEM32\\python27.zip', 'd:\\Python27\\DLLs', 'd:\\Python27\\lib', 'd:\\Python27\\lib\\plat-win', 'd:\\Python27\\lib\\lib-tk', 'd:\\Python27', 'd:\\Python27\\lib\\site-packages']
如果sys.path路径列表没有你想要的路径，可以通过 sys.path.append('路径') 添加。
通过os模块可以获取各种目录，例如：
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import sys
import os
pre_path = os.path.abspath('../')
sys.path.append(pre_path)
开源模块
下载安装有两种方式：
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yum
pip
apt-get
...
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下载源码
解压源码
进入目录
编译源码 python setup.py build
安装源码 python setup.py install
注：在使用源码安装时，需要使用到gcc编译和python开发环境，所以，需要先执行：
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yum install gcc
yum install python-devel
或
apt-get python-dev
安装成功后，模块会自动安装到 sys.path 中的某个目录中，如：
/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/
二、导入模块
同自定义模块中导入的方式
三、模块 paramiko
paramiko是一个用于做远程控制的模块，使用该模块可以对远程服务器进行命令或文件操作，值得一说的是，fabric和ansible内部的远程管理就是使用的paramiko来现实。
1、下载安装
# pycrypto，由于 paramiko 模块内部依赖pycrypto，所以先下载安装pycrypto
# 下载安装 pycrypto
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wget http://files.cnblogs.com/files/ryan/pycrypto-2.6.1.tar.gz
tar -xvf pycrypto-2.6.1.tar.gz
cd pycrypto-2.6.1
python setup.py build
python setup.py install
# 进入python环境，导入Crypto检查是否安装成功
# 下载安装 paramiko
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wget http://files.cnblogs.com/files/ryan/paramiko-1.10.1.tar.gz
tar -xvf paramiko-1.10.1.tar.gz
cd paramiko-1.10.1
python setup.py build
python setup.py install
# 进入python环境，导入paramiko检查是否安装成功
2、使用模块
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#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
import paramiko
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect('192.168.1.108', 22, 'alex', '123')
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df')
print stdout.read()
ssh.close();
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import paramiko
private_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa'
key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(private_key_path)
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect('主机名 ', 端口, '用户名', key)
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df')
print stdout.read()
ssh.close()
执行命令 - 过密钥链接服务器
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import os,sys
import paramiko
t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22))
t.connect(username='ryan',password='123')
sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.put('/tmp/test.py','/tmp/test.py')
t.close()
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import os,sys
import paramiko
t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22))
t.connect(username='ryan',password='123')
sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.get('/tmp/test.py','/tmp/test2.py')
t.close()
上传或者下载文件 - 通过用户名和密码
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import paramiko
pravie_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa'
key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path)
t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22))
t.connect(username='ryan',pkey=key)
sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.put('/tmp/test3.py','/tmp/test3.py')
t.close()
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import paramiko
pravie_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa'
key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path)
t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22))
t.connect(username='ryan',pkey=key)
sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.get('/tmp/test3.py','/tmp/test4.py')
t.close()
上传或下载文件 - 通过密钥
内置模块
一、os
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用于提供系统级别的操作
os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径
os.chdir("dirname")改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cd
os.curdir返回当前目录: ('.')
os.pardir获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：('..')
os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2') 可生成多层递归目录
os.removedirs('dirname1') 若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推
os.mkdir('dirname') 生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirname
os.rmdir('dirname') 删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirname
os.listdir('dirname') 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印
os.remove()删除一个文件
os.rename("oldname","newname")重命名文件/目录
os.stat('path/filename')获取文件/目录信息
os.sep 输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"
os.linesep 输出当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n"
os.pathsep 输出用于分割文件路径的字符串
os.name 输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix'
os.system("bash command")运行shell命令，直接显示
os.environ获取系统环境变量
os.path.abspath(path)返回path规范化的绝对路径
os.path.split(path)将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回
os.path.dirname(path)返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素
os.path.basename(path)返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或\结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素
os.path.exists(path)如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回False
os.path.isabs(path)如果path是绝对路径，返回True
os.path.isfile(path)如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回False
os.path.isdir(path)如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回False
os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]])将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略
os.path.getatime(path)返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间
os.path.getmtime(path)返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间
二、sys
用于提供对解释器相关的操作
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sys.argv 命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径
sys.exit(n) 退出程序，正常退出时exit(0)
sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息
sys.maxint 最大的Int值
sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值
sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称
sys.stdout.write('please:')
val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]
三、hashlib
用于加密相关的操作，代替了md5模块和sha模块，主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ，MD5 算法
import hashlib
# ######## md5 ########
hash = hashlib.md5()
hash.update('admin')
print hash.hexdigest()
# ######## sha1 ########
hash = hashlib.sha1()
hash.update('admin')
print hash.hexdigest()
# ######## sha256 ########
hash = hashlib.sha256()
hash.update('admin')
print hash.hexdigest()
# ######## sha384 ########
hash = hashlib.sha384()
hash.update('admin')
print hash.hexdigest()
# ######## sha512 ########
hash = hashlib.sha512()
hash.update('admin')
print hash.hexdigest()
以上加密算法虽然依然非常厉害，但时候存在缺陷，即：通过撞库可以反解。所以，有必要对加密算法中添加自定义key再来做加密。
import hashlib
# ######## md5 ########
hash = hashlib.md5('898oaFs09f')
hash.update('admin')
print hash.hexdigest()
还不够吊？python 还有一个 hmac 模块，它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 再进行处理然后再加密
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import hmac
h = hmac.new('wueiqi')
h.update('hellowo')
print h.hexdigest()
不能再牛逼了！！！
四、json 和 pickle
用于序列化的两个模块
[*]json，用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换
[*]pickle，用于python特有的类型 和 python的数据类型间进行转换
Json模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
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>>> import pickle
>>> data = {'k1':123,'k2':'Hello'}
#pickle.dumps将数据通过特殊的形式转换为只有python语言人事id字符串
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>>> p_str = pickle.dumps(data)
>>> print p_str
(dp0
S'k2'
p1
S'Hello'
p2
sS'k1'
p3
I123
s.
>>>
#pickle.dump将数据通过特殊的形式转换为只有Python语言认识的字符串，并写入文件
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>>> with open('/server/scripts/day005/result.pk','w') as fp:
... pickle.dump(data,fp)
...
import json
#json.dumps 将数据通过特殊的形式转换为所有程序语言都认识的字符串
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>>> import json
>>> j_str = json.dumps(data)
>>> print j_str
{"k2": "Hello", "k1": 123}
>>>
#json.dump将数据通过特殊的形式转换为所有程序语言都能认识的字符串，并写入文件
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>>> with open('/server/scripts/day005/result.json','w') as fp:
... json.dump(data,fp)
...
>>>
五、执行系统命令
可以执行shell命令的相关模块和函数有：
[*]os.system
[*]os.spawn*
[*]os.popen* --废弃
[*]popen2.* --废弃
[*]commands.* --废弃，3.x中被移除
import commandsresult = commands.getoutput('cmd')result = commands.getstatus('cmd')result = commands.getstatusoutput('cmd'以上执行shell命令的相关的模块和函数的功能均在 subprocess 模块中实现，并提供了更丰富的功能。
call
执行命令，返回状态码
执行命令，如果执行状态码是 0 ，则返回0，否则抛异常
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ret =subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"])
ret =subprocess.check_call("exit 1", shell=True)
shell = True ，允许 shell 命令是字符串形式
check_call
执行命令，如果状态码是 0 ，则返回执行结果，否则抛异常
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subprocess.check_output(["echo", "Hello World!"])
subprocess.check_output("exit 1", shell=True)
subprocess.Popen(...)
check_output
执行命令，如果状态码是 0 ，则返回执行结果，否则抛异常
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subprocess.check_output(["echo", "Hello World!"])
subprocess.check_output("exit 1", shell=True)
subprocess.Popen(...)
用于执行复杂的系统命令
参数：
[*]args：shell命令，可以是字符串或者序列类型（如：list，元组）
[*]bufsize：指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
[*]stdin, stdout, stderr：分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
[*]preexec_fn：只在Unix平台下有效，用于指定一个可执行对象（callable object），它将在子进程运行之前被调用
[*]close_sfs：在windows平台下，如果close_fds被设置为True，则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。
[*]shell：同上
[*]cwd：用于设置子进程的当前目录
[*]env：用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None，子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
[*]universal_newlines：不同系统的换行符不同，True -> 同意使用 \n
[*]startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数，用于设置子进程的一些属性，如：主窗口的外观，进程的优先级等等
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import subprocess
ret1 = subprocess.Popen(["mkdir","t1"])
ret2 = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t2", shell=True)
终端输入的命令分为两种：
[*]输入即可得到输出，如：ifconfig
[*]输入进行某环境，依赖再输入，如：python
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import subprocess
obj = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t3", shell=True, cwd='/home/dev',)
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import subprocess
obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n ')
obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n ')
obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n ')
obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n ')
obj.stdin.close()
cmd_out = obj.stdout.read()
obj.stdout.close()
cmd_error = obj.stderr.read()
obj.stderr.close()
print cmd_out
print cmd_error
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import subprocess
obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n ')
obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n ')
obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n ')
obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n ')
out_error_list = obj.communicate()
print out_error_list
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import subprocess
obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
out_error_list = obj.communicate('print "hello"')
print out_error_list
六、shutil
高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块
shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中，可以部分内容
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def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024):
"""copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst"""
while 1:
buf = fsrc.read(length)
if not buf:
break
fdst.write(buf)
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
拷贝文件
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def copyfile(src, dst):
"""Copy data from src to dst"""
if _samefile(src, dst):
raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst))
for fn in :
try:
st = os.stat(fn)
except OSError:
# File most likely does not exist
pass
else:
# XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...)
if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):
raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn)
with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc:
with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst:
copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)
shutil.copymode(src, dst)
仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变
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def copymode(src, dst):
"""Copy mode bits from src to dst"""
if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
st = os.stat(src)
mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
os.chmod(dst, mode)
shutil.copystat(src, dst)
拷贝状态的信息，包括：mode bits, atime, mtime, flags
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def copystat(src, dst):
"""Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst"""
st = os.stat(src)
mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
if hasattr(os, 'utime'):
os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime))
if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
os.chmod(dst, mode)
if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'):
try:
os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags)
except OSError, why:
for err in 'EOPNOTSUPP', 'ENOTSUP':
if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err):
break
else:
raise
shutil.copy(src, dst)
拷贝文件和权限
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def copy(src, dst):
"""Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst").
The destination may be a directory.
"""
if os.path.isdir(dst):
dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
copyfile(src, dst)
copymode(src, dst)
shutil.copy2(src, dst)
拷贝文件和状态信息
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def copy2(src, dst):
"""Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst").
The destination may be a directory.
"""
if os.path.isdir(dst):
dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
copyfile(src, dst)
copystat(src, dst)
shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
递归的去拷贝文件例如：copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))
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def ignore_patterns(*patterns):
"""Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter.
Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns
that are used to exclude files"""
def _ignore_patterns(path, names):
ignored_names = []
for pattern in patterns:
ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern))
return set(ignored_names)
return _ignore_patterns
def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None):
"""Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2().
The destination directory must not already exist.
If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.
If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the
source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if
it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic
links are copied.
The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it
is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory
being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of
`src` contents, as returned by os.listdir():
callable(src, names) -> ignored_names
Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be
called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a
list of names relative to the `src` directory that should
not be copied.
XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool.
"""
names = os.listdir(src)
if ignore is not None:
ignored_names = ignore(src, names)
else:
ignored_names = set()
os.makedirs(dst)
errors = []
for name in names:
if name in ignored_names:
continue
srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
try:
if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore)
else:
# Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types
copy2(srcname, dstname)
# catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
# continue with other files
except Error, err:
errors.extend(err.args)
except EnvironmentError, why:
errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
try:
copystat(src, dst)
except OSError, why:
if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError):
# Copying file access times may fail on Windows
pass
else:
errors.append((src, dst, str(why)))
if errors:
raise Error, errors
shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
递归的去删除文件
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def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None):
"""Recursively delete a directory tree.
If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror
is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,
path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir;
path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and
exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info().If ignore_errors
is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised.
"""
if ignore_errors:
def onerror(*args):
pass
elif onerror is None:
def onerror(*args):
raise
try:
if os.path.islink(path):
# symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669
raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")
except OSError:
onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())
# can't continue even if onerror hook returns
return
names = []
try:
names = os.listdir(path)
except os.error, err:
onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info())
for name in names:
fullname = os.path.join(path, name)
try:
mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode
except os.error:
mode = 0
if stat.S_ISDIR(mode):
rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror)
else:
try:
os.remove(fullname)
except os.error, err:
onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info())
try:
os.rmdir(path)
except os.error:
onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
shutil.move(src, dst)
递归的去移动文件
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def move(src, dst):
"""Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is
similar to the Unix "mv" command.
If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source
is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already
exist.
If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be
overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.
If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.
Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed.
A lot more could be done here...A look at a mv.c shows a lot of
the issues this implementation glosses over.
"""
real_dst = dst
if os.path.isdir(dst):
if _samefile(src, dst):
# We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,
# perform the rename anyway.
os.rename(src, dst)
return
real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))
if os.path.exists(real_dst):
raise Error, "Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst
try:
os.rename(src, real_dst)
except OSError:
if os.path.isdir(src):
if _destinsrc(src, dst):
raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst)
copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)
rmtree(src)
else:
copy2(src, real_dst)
os.unlink(src)
shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)
创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar
[*]base_name： 压缩包的文件名，也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时，则保存至当前目录，否则保存至指定路径，
如：www =>保存至当前路径
如：/Users/ryan/www =>保存至/Users/ryan/
[*]format：压缩包种类，“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”，“gztar”
[*]root_dir：要压缩的文件夹路径（默认当前目录）
[*]owner：用户，默认当前用户
[*]group：组，默认当前组
[*]logger：用于记录日志，通常是logging.Logger对象
#将 /Users/ryan/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录
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import shutil
ret = shutil.make_archive("wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/ryan/Downloads/test')
#将 /Users/ryan/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/ryan/目录
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import shutil
ret = shutil.make_archive("/Users/ryan/wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/ryan/Downloads/test')
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def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,
dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None):
"""Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar).
'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific
extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar"
or "gztar".
'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the
archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the
archive.'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from;
ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and
directories in the archive.'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default
to the current directory.Returns the name of the archive file.
'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default,
uses the current owner and group.
"""
save_cwd = os.getcwd()
if root_dir is not None:
if logger is not None:
logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir)
base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)
if not dry_run:
os.chdir(root_dir)
if base_dir is None:
base_dir = os.curdir
kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger}
try:
format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS
except KeyError:
raise ValueError, "unknown archive format '%s'" % format
func = format_info
for arg, val in format_info:
kwargs = val
if format != 'zip':
kwargs['owner'] = owner
kwargs['group'] = group
try:
filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs)
finally:
if root_dir is not None:
if logger is not None:
logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd)
os.chdir(save_cwd)
return filename
shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的，详细：
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import zipfile
# 压缩
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z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w')
z.write('a.log')
z.write('data.data')
z.close()
# 解压
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z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r')
z.extractall()
z.close()
zipfile 压缩解压
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import tarfile
# 压缩
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tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w')
tar.add('/Users/ryan/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip', arcname='bbs2.zip')
tar.add('/Users/ryan/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip', arcname='cmdb.zip')
tar.close()
# 解压
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tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r')
tar.extractall()# 可设置解压地址
tar.close()
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