Linux 运维工具---Ansible
概述：===========================================================================
Ansible介绍★运维工具的分类：
[*]gent：基于专用的agent程序完成管理功能，puppet, func, zabbix, ...
[*]agentless：基于ssh服务完成管理，ansible, fabric, ...
★ansible属于Configuration、Command and Control工具★简介
[*]ansible是新出现的自动化运维工具，基于Python开发，集合了众多运维工具（puppet、cfengine、chef、func、fabric）的优点，实现了批量系统配置、批量程序部署、批量运行命令等功能。ansible是基于模块工作的，本身没有批量部署的能力。真正具有批量部署的是ansible所运行的模块，ansible只是提供一种框架。
★架构
[*]连接插件（connection plugins）：负责和被监控端实现通信；
[*]host inventory：指定操作的主机，是一个配置文件里面定义监控的主机；
[*]各种模块核心模块、command模块、自定义模块；
[*]借助于插件完成记录日志邮件等功能；
[*]playbook：剧本执行多个任务时，非必需可以让节点一次性运行多个任务。
附图：架构图★特性：
[*]模块化：调用特定的模块，完成特定的任务；
[*]基于Python语言研发，由Paramiko, PyYAML和Jinja2三个核心库实现；
[*]部署简单：agentless；
[*]支持自定义模块，使用任意编程语言；
[*]强大的playbook机制；
[*]幂等性；
★优点
[*]轻量级，无需在客户端安装agent，更新时，只需在操作机上进行一次更新即可；
[*]批量任务执行可以写成脚本，而且不用分发到远程就可以执行；
[*]使用python编写，维护更简单，ruby语法过于复杂；
[*]支持sudo。
★任务执行流程
说明：(1)以上内容大多是基于他人分享的基础上总结而来，学习借鉴之用；(2)本次安装基于 CentOS 7.2 系统环境。Ansible安装配置及使用1.安装及程序环境：★安装：
[*]# yum install ansible -y（epel仓库中）
★程序：
[*]ansible
[*]ansible-playbook //唱剧本
[*]ansible-doc //获取帮助文档
★配置文件
[*]/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg //核心配置文件
★主机清单：
[*]/etc/ansible/hosts
★插件目录：
[*]/usr/share/ansible_plugins/
2.基本使用入门
★ansible命令语法格式（Usage）:
[*] ansible <host-pattern>
选项：
[*]-m MOD_NAME（指明调用的模块名称）
[*]-a MOD_ARGS（指明调用模块的参数）
★配置Host Inventory（主机清单）
[*]/etc/ansible/hosts //文件路径
[*]格式：
★模块：
[*]获取模块列表：ansible-doc -l
[*]获取指定模块的使用帮助：ansible-doc -s MOD_NAME
实验：
1.演示环境
[*]准备四台虚拟主机,这里我有3台CentOS 7和1台CentOS 6；
[*]ip为10.1.252.153的CentOS 7主机模拟ansible的管理端，其余的CentOS 7和6模拟为被管理端；
演示过程如下：（分模块进行）
1.首先进到/etc/ansible的配置文件中，做备份，然后配置主机清单
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#cd /etc/ansible/
# ls
ansible.cfghostsroles
# cp ansible.cfg{,.bak}
# cp hosts{,.bak}
# ls
ansible.cfgansible.cfg.bakhostshosts.bakroles
# vim hosts
# 定义websrvs组
10.1.252.156# CentOS 7 主机
10.1.252.161# CentOS 7 主机
# 定义数据库组
10.1.252.205# CentOS 6 主机
10.1.252.161#一台主机可以属于多个组
2.获取模块列表和使用帮助
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# ansible-doc -h
Usage: ansible-doc
Options:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-l, --list List available modules # 获取模块列表
-M MODULE_PATH, --module-path=MODULE_PATH
specify path(s) to module library (default=None)
-s, --snippet Show playbook snippet for specified module(s)# 获取指定模块简单用法
-v, --verbose verbose mode (-vvv for more, -vvvv to enable # 获取详细用法
connection debugging)
--version show program's version number and exit
3.配置好基于秘钥认证连接被管控主机
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# 在管控端生成ssh服务的秘钥对
# ssh-keygen -t rsa -P ''
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
87:ef:0c:65:de:13:08:fe:0c:ea:23:3e:75:01:f5:b6 root@centos7
The key's randomart image is:
+--[ RSA 2048]----+
| .. |
| .. |
| .. o |
| ..+ o |
| S.E . |
| ...X . . |
| .... = o |
| o..+ . |
| ..o..o |
+-----------------+
# cd .ssh
# ls
authorized_keysid_rsaid_rsa.pubknown_hosts
把生成的密钥对传给其他被管控端（比较安全的做法）
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# ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@10.1.252.161
The authenticity of host '10.1.252.161 (10.1.252.161)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is 56:78:d2:e8:41:b0:62:ad:4f:47:90:75:01:a4:fa:8c.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@10.1.252.161's password: # 第一次需要输入密码
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@10.1.252.161'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
# 测试连接被管控主机，发现可以不用密码就能获取信息
# ssh 10.1.252.161 'ifconfig'
eno16777736: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>mtu 1500
inet 10.1.252.161netmask 255.255.0.0broadcast 10.1.255.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fed6:e460prefixlen 64scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:d6:e4:60txqueuelen 1000(Ethernet)
RX packets 24229bytes 1996170 (1.9 MiB)
RX errors 0dropped 0overruns 0frame 0
TX packets 672bytes 91700 (89.5 KiB)
TX errors 0dropped 0 overruns 0carrier 0collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1prefixlen 128scopeid 0x10<host>
looptxqueuelen 0(Local Loopback)
RX packets 68bytes 5588 (5.4 KiB)
RX errors 0dropped 0overruns 0frame 0
TX packets 68bytes 5588 (5.4 KiB)
TX errors 0dropped 0 overruns 0carrier 0collisions 0
Ansible常用模块详解 1.ping：
作用：探测目标主机是否存活；
演示：
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# ansible-doc -s ping
- name: Try to connect to host, verify a usable python and return `pong' on success.
action: ping
# 连接websrvs组的主机，探测是否OK
# ansible websrvs -m ping
10.1.252.156 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
10.1.252.161 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
# 探测所有的主机是否OK
# ansible all-m ping
10.1.252.156 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
10.1.252.161 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
10.1.252.205 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
2.command：
作用：在远程主机执行命令；
演示：
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# ansible all -m command -a "ifconfig"# 获取所有主机的ip地址
10.1.252.205 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
eth0 Link encap:EthernetHWaddr 00:0C:29:CB:50:90
inet addr:10.1.252.205Bcast:10.1.255.255Mask:255.255.0.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fecb:5090/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICASTMTU:1500Metric:1
RX packets:345117 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1571 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:39948104 (38.0 MiB)TX bytes:148792 (145.3 KiB)
10.1.252.156 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
eno16777736: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>mtu 1500
inet 10.1.252.156netmask 255.255.0.0broadcast 10.1.255.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe16:ed45prefixlen 64scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:16:ed:45txqueuelen 1000(Ethernet)
RX packets 31117bytes 2793084 (2.6 MiB)
RX errors 0dropped 0overruns 0frame 0
TX packets 571bytes 104372 (101.9 KiB)
TX errors 0dropped 0 overruns 0carrier 0collisions 0
10.1.252.161 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
eno16777736: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>mtu 1500
inet 10.1.252.161netmask 255.255.0.0broadcast 10.1.255.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fed6:e460prefixlen 64scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:d6:e4:60txqueuelen 1000(Ethernet)
RX packets 30903bytes 2725577 (2.5 MiB)
RX errors 0dropped 0overruns 0frame 0
TX packets 950bytes 134392 (131.2 KiB)
TX errors 0dropped 0 overruns 0carrier 0collisions 0
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# 同时在3台被管控主机上创建“centos”的用户
# ansible all -m command -a "useradd centos"
10.1.252.156 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
10.1.252.205 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
10.1.252.161 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
# 查看3台主机centos 用户的id
# ansible all -m command -a "id centos"
10.1.252.205 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
uid=500(centos) gid=500(centos) groups=500(centos)
10.1.252.156 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
uid=1003(centos) gid=1003(centos) groups=1003(centos)
10.1.252.161 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
uid=1001(centos) gid=1001(centos) groups=1001(centos)
# 为3台主机centos用户设定密码为123456（通过管道传送），发现command模块只识别最左侧命令，这时要使用shell模块
# ansible all -m command -a "echo '123456' |passwd --stdin centos"
10.1.252.205 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
123456 |passwd --stdin centos # 可以看到只是执行了echo命令
10.1.252.156 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
123456 |passwd --stdin centos
10.1.252.161 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
123456 |passwd --stdin centos
3.shell：
作用：在远程主机上调用shell解释器运行命令，支持shell的各种功能，例如管道等 ；
注意：
command和shell模块的核心参数直接为命令本身；而其它模块的参数通常为“key=value”格式；
演示：
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# ansible all -m shell -a "echo '123456' |passwd --stdin centos"
10.1.252.205 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
Changing password for user centos.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. # 命令正常的执行结果
10.1.252.156 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
Changing password for user centos.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
10.1.252.161 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
Changing password for user centos.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
4.copy：
作用：复制ansible主机上的文件到远程控制主机；
用法：
复制文件
-a "src=\'#\'" "
给定内容生成文件
-a "content=dest= "
其它参数：
mode, owner, group, ...
演示：
1）复制源文件到目标文件，可以给定权限等
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# 复制一个文件到远程的3个主机，权限为640
# ansible all -m copy -a "src=/etc/fstab dest=/tmp/fstab.ansible mode=640"
10.1.252.205 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"checksum": "421fa89581f3b00d98daf454970270bc61e5ceb6", # 校验码
"dest": "/tmp/fstab.ansible", # 目标文件
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "54f0b2c85cffa2102495c84d75f1f369",
"mode": "0640", # 权限
"owner": "root",
"size": 690, # 大小
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1478696569.63-274366424153403/source",# 源文件
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
# ansible all -m shell -a "ls -l/tmp/fstab.ansible"
10.1.252.205 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
-rw-r----- 1 root root 690 Nov9 20:28 /tmp/fstab.ansible# 执行成功
10.1.252.156 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
-rw-r----- 1 root root 690 Nov9 21:32 /tmp/fstab.ansible
10.1.252.161 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
-rw-r----- 1 root root 690 Nov9 21:32 /tmp/fstab.ansible
2）给定内容生成文件
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# ansible all -m copy -a "content='hello\nword\n' dest=/tmp/test.ansible mode=640"
10.1.252.205 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"checksum": "96e066939172dfddcfaef89de00ad9a78ca6a774",
"dest": "/tmp/test.ansible",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "d98af44a9c199b9a1ed0ddb0f492f133",
"mode": "0640",
"owner": "root",
"size": 11,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1478697113.75-159001268829457/source",
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
# ansible all -m command -a "cat /tmp/test.ansible "
10.1.252.205 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
hello
word
10.1.252.156 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
hello
word
10.1.252.161 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
hello
word
5.file：
作用：设置文件属性；
用法：
创建目录： -a "path=state=directory"
创建链接文件：-a "path=src=\'#\'" /span>
删除文件： -a "path=state=absent“
演示：
1）修改文件属主
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# ansible all -m file -a "path=/tmp/fstab.ansible owner=centos"
10.1.252.205 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"mode": "0640",
"owner": "centos",
"path": "/tmp/fstab.ansible",
"size": 690,
"state": "file",
"uid": 500
}
2）删除文件
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# state 用来定义其目标状态
# ansible all -m file -a "path=/tmp/fstab.ansible state=absent"
10.1.252.205 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"path": "/tmp/fstab.ansible",
"state": "absent"
}
10.1.252.156 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"path": "/tmp/fstab.ansible",
"state": "absent"
}
10.1.252.161 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"path": "/tmp/fstab.ansible",
"state": "absent"
}
3）创建目录文件
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# ansible all -m file -a "path=/tmp/dir.ansible state=directory"
10.1.252.205 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"mode": "0755",
"owner": "root",
"path": "/tmp/dir.ansible",
"size": 4096,
"state": "directory",
"uid": 0
}
4）创建链接文件
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# ansible all -m file -a "path=/tmp/test.ansible.link src=/tmp/test.ansible state=link"
10.1.252.205 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"dest": "/tmp/test.ansible.link",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"mode": "0777",
"owner": "root",
"size": 17,
"src": "/tmp/test.ansible",
"state": "link",
"uid": 0
}
# 远程主机查看，成功创建链接文件
# ls /tmp
dir.ansibleks-script-OR__dnks-script-OR__dn.logtest.ansibletest.ansible.linkyum.log
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