[redis]【转】Redis入门教程：特性及数据类型的操作
http://redis.readthedocs.org/en/latest/帮助：
"help <tab>" to get a list of possible help topics
"help @<group>" to get a list of commands in <group> 例如help @generic/string/list/set/sorted_set/hash/pubsub/transactions/connection/server/scripting/
"help <command>" for help on <command> 例如help get/set等
generic/key: del,dump,exists,expire/EXPIREAT,KEYS,MIGRATE,move,*object,persist,pexpire/pexpireat,pttl/ttl,randomkey,rename/renamenx,*restore,sort(list,set,sorted_set),
string: set/get,mset/mget,incr/decr,incrby/decrby,append,strlen,substr(SUBSTR name 0 3),
list: lpush,llen,lrange( LRANGE students 0 2,全闭区间),lpop,lrem(LREM students 1 "John Doe"，删除),ltrim(LTRIM students 1 3)
set: sadd/srem,smembers,sinter(交集),sunion(并集),sdiff(补集)
sorted_set: 多一个score属性，添加时就按这个score进行排序: zadd,zrange,zscore（根据value查询score）,zcount（查询start到stop的score中包含的个数）,zrangebyscore
hash: hset/hget,hmset/hmget,hkeys/hvals
pubsub（订阅）：subscribe/pulish,psubscribe/
hyperloglog:
transaction:
NX结尾命令都是判断在这个值没有时才进行某个命令，例如setnx是在没有值时才设置string
getset，先get再set，返回的是get的值
multi/exec，组合执行
discard命令来中断执行中的命令序列，例如中断multi
script:
connection:
server:
Redis支持多个DB，默认是16个，你可以设置将数据存在哪一个DB中（select），不同DB间的数据具有隔离性。也可以在多个DB间移动数据（move）
dbsize(数据项个数，例如一个set算一个数据项)/info,flushdb/flushall
数据过期设置：
用TTL命令可以获取某个key值的过期时间(-1表示永不过期)
先用EXISTS命令查看key值是否存在，然后用expire设置了5秒后过期（或者准确的过期时间点）
持久化：
数据快照：save/bgsave,遍历所有数据保存到rdb中
配置appendonly yes，所有的操作都会记录在aof日志文件（appendonly.aof）中
==============
转自：http://tech.it168.com/a2012/0109/1299/000001299837_all.shtml
虽然Redis已经很火了，相信还是有很多同学对Redis只是有所听闻或者了解并不全面，下面是一个比较系统的Redis介绍，对Redis的特性及各种数据类型及操作进行了介绍。是一个很不错的Redis入门教程。
一、介绍
1、Redis是什么
REmote DIctionary Server(Redis) 是一个由Salvatore Sanfilippo写的key-value存储系统。Redis提供了一些丰富的数据结构，包括 lists, sets, ordered sets 以及 hashes ，当然还有和Memcached一样的 strings结构.Redis当然还包括了对这些数据结构的丰富操作。
2、Redis的优点
性能极高 – Redis能支持超过 100K+ 每秒的读写频率。
丰富的数据类型 – Redis支持二进制案例的 Strings, Lists, Hashes, Sets 及 Ordered Sets 数据类型操作。
原子 – Redis的所有操作都是原子性的，同时Redis还支持对几个操作全并后的原子性执行。
丰富的特性 – Redis还支持 publish/subscribe, 通知, key 过期等等特性。
二、数据类型
1、String类型
Redis能存储二进制安全的字符串，最大长度为1GB
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "John Doe"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET name
"John Doe"
String类型还支持批量的读写操作
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> MSET age 30 sex "male"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> MGET age sex
1) "30"
2) "male"
String类型其实也可以用来存储数字，并支持对数字的加减操作。
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INCR age
(integer) 31
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INCRBY age 4
(integer) 35
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET age
"35"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> DECR age
(integer) 34
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> DECRBY age 4
(integer) 30
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET age
"30"
String类型还支持对其部分的修改和获取操作
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> APPEND name " Mr."
(integer) 12
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET name
"John Doe Mr."
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> STRLEN name
(integer) 12
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SUBSTR name 0 3
"John"
2、List类型
Redis能够将数据存储成一个链表，并能对这个链表进行丰富的操作：
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LPUSH students "John Doe"
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LPUSH students "Captain Kirk"
(integer) 2
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LPUSH students "Sheldon Cooper"
(integer) 3
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LLEN students
(integer) 3
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LRANGE students 0 2
1) "Sheldon Cooper"
2) "Captain Kirk"
3) "John Doe"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LPOP students
"Sheldon Cooper"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LLEN students
(integer) 2
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LRANGE students 0 1
1) "Captain Kirk"
2) "John Doe"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LREM students 1 "John Doe"
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LLEN students
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LRANGE students 0 0
1) "Captain Kirk"
Redis也支持很多修改操作：
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LINSERT students BEFORE "Captain Kirk" "Dexter Morgan"
(integer) 3
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LRANGE students 0 2
1) "Dexter Morgan"
2) "Captain Kirk"
3) "John Doe"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LPUSH students "Peter Parker"
(integer) 4
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LRANGE students 0 3
1) "Peter Parker"
2) "Dexter Morgan"
3) "Captain Kirk"
4) "John Doe"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LTRIM students 1 3
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LLEN students
(integer) 3
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LRANGE students 0 2
1) "Dexter Morgan"
2) "Captain Kirk"
3) "John Doe"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LREM students 1 "John Doe"
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LLEN students
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> LRANGE students 0 1
1) "Captain Kirk"
3、集合(Sets)类型
Redis能够将一系列不重复的值存储成一个集合：
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD birds crow
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD birds pigeon
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD birds bat
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD mammals dog
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD mammals cat
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD mammals bat
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SMEMBERS birds
1) "bat"
2) "crow"
3) "pigeon"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SMEMBERS mammals
1) "bat"
2) "cat"
3) "dog"
Sets结构也支持相应的修改操作：
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SREM mammals cat
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SMEMBERS mammals
1) "bat"
2) "dog"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SADD mammals human
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SMEMBERS mammals
1) "bat"
2) "human"
3) "dog"
Redis还支持对集合的子交并补等操作：
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SINTER birds mammals
1) "bat"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SUNION birds mammals
1) "crow"
2) "bat"
3) "human"
4) "pigeon"
5) "dog"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SDIFF birds mammals
1) "crow"
2) "pigeon"
4、有序集合(Sorted Sets)类型
Sorted Sets和Sets结构相似，不同的是存在Sorted Sets中的数据会有一个score属性，并会在写入时就按这个score排好序。
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD days 0 mon
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD days 1 tue
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD days 2 wed
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD days 3 thu
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD days 4 fri
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD days 5 sat
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZADD days 6 sun
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZCARD days
(integer) 7
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZRANGE days 0 6
1) "mon"
2) "tue"
3) "wed"
4) "thu"
5) "fri"
6) "sat"
7) "sun"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZSCORE days sat
"5"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZCOUNT days 3 6
(integer) 4
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> ZRANGEBYSCORE days 3 6
1) "thu"
2) "fri"
3) "sat"
4) "sun"
5、Hash类型
Redis能够存储key对多个属性的数据(比如user1.uname user1.passwd)
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HKEYS student
1) "name"
2) "age"
3) "sex"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HVALS student
1) "Ganesh"
2) "30"
3) "Male"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HGETALL student
1) "name"
2) "Ganesh"
3) "age"
4) "30"
5) "sex"
6) "Male"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HDEL student sex
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HGETALL student
1) "name"
2) "Ganesh"
3) "age"
4) "30"
Hash数据结构能够批量修改和获取
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HMSET kid name Akshi age 2 sex Female
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> HMGET kid name age sex
1) "Akshi"
2) "2"
3) "Female"
3.Publish/Subscribe
Redis支持这样一种特性，你可以将数据推到某个信息管道中，然后其它人可以通过订阅这些管道来获取推送过来的信息。
三、订阅信息管道
用一个客户端订阅管道
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SUBSCRIBE channelone
Reading messages... (press Ctrl-C to quit)
1) "subscribe"
2) "channelone"
3) (integer) 1
另一个客户端往这个管道推送信息
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PUBLISH channelone hello
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PUBLISH channelone world
(integer) 1
然后第一个客户端就能获取到推送的信息
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SUBSCRIBE channelone
Reading messages... (press Ctrl-C to quit)
1) "subscribe"
2) "channelone"
3) (integer) 1
1) "message"
2) "channelone"
3) "hello"
1) "message"
2) "channelone"
3) "world"
2、按一定模式批量订阅
用下面的命令订阅所有channel开头的信息通道
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PSUBSCRIBE channel*
Reading messages... (press Ctrl-C to quit)
1) "psubscribe"
2) "channel*"
3) (integer) 1
在另一个客户端对两个推送信息
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PUBLISH channelone hello
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PUBLISH channeltwo world
(integer) 1
然后在第一个客户端就能收到推送的信息
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> PSUBSCRIBE channel*
Reading messages... (press Ctrl-C to quit)
1) "psubscribe"
2) "channel*"
3) (integer) 1
1) "pmessage"
2) "channel*"
3) "channelone"
4) "hello"
1) "pmessage"
2) "channel*"
3) "channeltwo"
4) "world"
四、数据过期设置
Redis支持按key设置过期时间，过期后值将被删除(在客户端看来是补删除了的)
用TTL命令可以获取某个key值的过期时间(-1表示永不过期)
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "John Doe"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> TTL name
(integer) -1
下面命令先用EXISTS命令查看key值是否存在，然后设置了5秒的过期时间
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "John Doe"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EXISTS name
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EXPIRE name 5
(integer) 1
5秒后再查看
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EXISTS name
(integer) 0
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET name
(nil)
这个值已经没有了。
上在是直接设置多少秒后过期，你也可以设置在某个时间点过期，下面例子是设置2011-09-24 00:40:00过期。
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "John Doe"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EXPIREAT name 1316805000
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EXISTS name
(integer) 0
五、事务性
Redis本身支持一些简单的组合型的命令，比如以NX结尾命令都是判断在这个值没有时才进行某个命令。
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "John Doe"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SETNX name "Dexter Morgan"
(integer) 0
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET name
"John Doe"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GETSET name "Dexter Morgan"
"John Doe"
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET name
"Dexter Morgan"
当然，Redis还支持自定义的命令组合，通过MULTI和EXEC，将几个命令组合起来执行
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET counter 0
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> MULTI
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INCR counter
QUEUED
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INCR counter
QUEUED
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INCR counter
QUEUED
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EXEC
1) (integer) 1
2) (integer) 2
3) (integer) 3
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET counter
"3"
你还可以用DICARD命令来中断执行中的命令序列
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET newcounter 0
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> MULTI
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INCR newcounter
QUEUED
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INCR newcounter
QUEUED
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> INCR newcounter
QUEUED
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> DISCARD
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET newcounter
"0"
六、持久化
Redis的所有数据都存储在内存中，但是他也提供对这些数据的持久化。
1、数据快照
数据快照的原理是将整个Redis中存的所有数据遍历一遍存到一个扩展名为rdb的数据文件中。通过SAVE命令可以调用这个过程。
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "John Doe"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SAVE
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "Sheldon Cooper"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> BGSAVE
Background saving started
如果你是使用的brew在Mac OSX上安全的Redis，那么rdb文件会存在如下路径
/usr/local/var/db/redis/dump.rdb
6.2 Append-Only File(追加式的操作日志记录)
Redis还支持一种追加式的操作日志记录，叫append only file，其日志文件以aof结局，我们一般各为aof文件。要开启aof日志的记录，你需要在配置文件中进行如下设置：
appendonly yes
这时候你所有的操作都会记录在aof日志文件中
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> GET name
(nil)
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "Ganesh Gunasegaran"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> EXIT
→ cat /usr/local/var/db/redis/appendonly.aof
*2
$6
SELECT
$1
0
*3
$3
SET
$4
name
$18
Ganesh Gunasegaran
七、管理命令
Redis支持多个DB，默认是16个，你可以设置将数据存在哪一个DB中，不同DB间的数据具有隔离性。也可以在多个DB间移动数据。
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SELECT 0
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "John Doe"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SELECT 1
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> GET name
(nil)
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> SELECT 0
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> MOVE name 1
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SELECT 1
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> GET name
"John Doe"
Redis还能进行一些如下操作，获取一些运行信息
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> DBSIZE
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> INFO
redis_version:2.2.13
redis_git_sha1:00000000
redis_git_dirty:0
arch_bits:64
multiplexing_api:kqueue
......
Redis还支持对某个DB数据进行清除(当然清空所有数据的操作也是支持的)
<!--
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--> redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SET name "John Doe"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> DBSIZE
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SELECT 1
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> SET name "Sheldon Cooper"
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> DBSIZE
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> SELECT 0
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> FLUSHDB
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> DBSIZE
(integer) 0
redis 127.0.0.1:6379> SELECT 1
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> DBSIZE
(integer) 1
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> FLUSHALL
OK
redis 127.0.0.1:6379[1]> DBSIZE
(integer) 0
八、客户端
Redis的客户端很丰富，几乎所有流行的语言都有其客户端，这里就不再赘述，有兴趣的同学可以上Redis的Clients页面去查找。
九、资料引用
Redis documentation：http://redis.io/documentation
Simon Willison – Redis tutorial：http://simonwillison.net/static/2010/redis-tutorial/
Michael J. Russo – Redis from ground up：http://blog.mjrusso.com/2010/10/17/redis-from-the-ground-up.html
10.总结
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