keepalived+haproxy（双主）+nginx(静态)+lamp（动态）部署phpBB
简介：haproxy为高性能的反向代理服务器，在向后端server调度方面支持很多的调度算法：roundrobin，source，uri，url_param，hdr()，leastconn等，且支持动态权重调整的一致性hash，后端为cache server时很好的提高cache命中率；相比nginx反向代理，haproxy调度功能更为强大，另外haproxy提供自带的gui接口，方便直接在web页面管理前、后端服务器，只需要在配置文件中开启即可。nginx自身在处理web静态页面方面非常强大，其采用模块化设计，有较好的扩展性，但不支持模块动态装卸载（Tengine支持模块动态装卸载），nginx具有高可靠性，支持热部署，低内存消耗等优点，其在设计之初就吸纳了最新的技术，如支持事件驱动、异步IO等，并发处理能力强大。apache结合php处理动态页面功能强大，php可直接以模块的形式加载到httpd，而nginx需要通过fastcgi协议与后端php通信。所以结合各组件优点，我们这里采用haproxy(支持https)+nginx(静态)+lamp(动态)架构，最后通过keepalived实现对haproxy高可用。下图为本次实验架构图： 图1 图2 架构图说明这里有2幅架构图，图1中，后端各主机均在同一网段，这也是我们这次实验所采用的架构；图2中后端static server group和dynamic server group不在同一网段，二者之间需要路由器相连，Router的地址：eth0 --> 192.168.100.80eth1 --> 192.168.200.80非但如此，采用图2架构还需在haproxy和各后端server上添加静态路由：haproxy1：route add -net 192.168.200.0/24 gw 192.168.100.80 dev eth1haproxy2：route add -net 192.168.100.0/24 gw 192.168.200.80 dev eth1Nginx1： routeadd -net 192.168.200.0/24 gw 192.168.100.80 dev eth0Nginx2： routeadd -net 192.168.200.0/24 gw 192.168.100.80 dev eth0LAMP1： routeadd -net 192.168.100.0/24 gw 192.168.200.80 dev eth0LAMP2： routeadd -net 192.168.100.0/24 gw 192.168.200.80 dev eth0为简便，这里我们采用架构图1。这里我们用virtualbox准备6台linux主机，各主机IP地址、Gateway及所需安装软件等如下表所配置，这里我们将192.168.0.0/24网络模拟为公网，192.168.100.0/24为服务器内网网段。前端为2台haproxy组成的反向代理服务器，并实现双主高可用：所谓双主，即haproxy1和haproxy2都正常工作，均同时为后端server提供反向代理和调度功能，用户可通过DNS解析后的192.168.0.50和192.168.0.51两个地址访问我们的网站。客户端请求的所有phpBB静态页面由前端的haproxy调度至后端的2台nginx组成的服务器组响应；用户请求的所有phpBB动态页面由前端的haproxy调度至后端的2台lamp组成的服务器组响应。6台linux主机上所需资源如下：
IP AddressHosts NameOSSoftware Requiredcomments
eth0 -->192.168.0.16; GW -->192.168.0.1HAProxy1(active)centos6.8keepalived、haproxy、ntpd、双网卡HAProxy（active）
eth0:0 -->192.168.0.50(由keepalived配置文件自动生成)
eth1 -->192.168.100.16
eth0 -->192.168.0.66; GW -->192.168.0.1HAProxy2(active)centos6.8keepalived、haproxy、双网卡HAProxy（active）
eth0:1 -->192.168.0.51(由keepalived配置文件自动生成)
eth1 -->192.168.100.66
eth0 -->192.168.100.64; GW -->192.168.100.16Nginx1centos6.8nginx、phpBB、单网卡Static Server Group
eth0 -->192.168.100.65; GW-->192.168.100.66Nginx2centos6.8nginx、phpBB、单网卡
enp0s3 -->192.168.100.70; GW-->192.168.100.16LAMP1centos7.3httpd、mariadb/mysql、php、单网卡、phpBBDynamic Server Group
enp0s3 -->192.168.100.71; GW-->192.168.100.66LAMP2centos7.3httpd、mariadb/mysql、php、单网卡、phpBB
软件安装按照上面的清单，分别在各主机上部署所需软件，对于清单中HAProxy需要安装ntpd服务器的原因在于keepalived的运行需要后端server与前端服务器时钟保持同步，否则对后端server的健康状态检测会出现异常。①、haproxyhaproxy在centos6.8上可以直接使用yum方式：# yum install -y haproxy目前系统提供的默认版本是1.5.18，且支持openssl：# rpm -q haproxy ; ldd $(which haproxy)| grep sslhaproxy-1.5.18-1.el6.x86_64libssl.so.10 => /usr/lib64/libssl.so.10(0x00007f05e085c000)如果是手动编译安装，则需要先在官网下载程序包，并添加对openssl的支持，下面是手动编译步骤：# yum install -y openssl openssl-devel readline-devel pcre-devellibssl-dev libpcre3# wget http://www.haproxy.org/download/1.6/src/haproxy-1.6.13.tar.gz# tar xf haproxy-1.6.13.tar.gz ; cd haproxy-1.6.13# make TARGET=linux2628 USE_PCRE=1USE_OPENSSL=1 USE_ZLIB=1 USE_CRYPT_H=1 USE_LIBCRYPT=1# ldd $(which haproxy) | grep ssllibssl.so.10 => /usr/lib64/libssl.so.10 (0x00007f05e085c000) # make install PREFIX=/usr/local/haproxy# vi /etc/profile.d/haproxy.sh#!/bin/bashexport PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/haproxy/sbin/# source /etc/profile.d/haproxy.sh创建配置文件目录及拷贝并修改启动脚本：# mkdir -p /etc/haproxy# cp examples/haproxy.init/etc/rc.d/init.d/haproxy# vi /etc/rc.d/init.d/haproxyBIN=/usr/local/haproxy/sbin/$BASENAMECFG=/etc/$BASENAME/$BASENAME.cfgPIDFILE=/var/run/$BASENAME.pidLOCKFILE=/var/lock/subsys/$BASENAME 至此haproxy已经安装完毕，这里我们根据架构图提供haproxy的配置文件： # vi /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg#---------------------------------------------------------------------# Global settings#---------------------------------------------------------------------global log 127.0.0.1 local2 chroot /var/lib/haproxy pidfile /var/run/haproxy.pid maxconn 40000 user haproxy group haproxy daemon tune.ssl.default-dh-param 2048 # turn on stats unix socket stats socket/var/lib/haproxy/stats#---------------------------------------------------------------------# common defaults that all the 'listen' and 'backend' sections will# use if not designated in their block#---------------------------------------------------------------------defaults mode http log global option httplog option dontlognull option http-server-close option forwardfor except 127.0.0.0/8 option redispatch retries 3 timeout http-request 10s timeout queue 1m timeout connect 10s timeout client 1m timeout server 1m timeout http-keep-alive 10s timeout check 10s maxconn 3000 #---------------------------------------------------------------------# main frontend which proxys to the backends#---------------------------------------------------------------------frontendhttp_frontend bind *:80 bind *:443 ssl crt /etc/haproxy/haproxy.pem# 网站证书文件 mode http log global option httpclose option logasap option dontlognull option forwardfor except127.0.0.1 header X-Client if-none capture request header Host len20 capture request header Refererlen 60 reqadd X-Forwarded-Proto:\ https #rspadd Via:\ haproxy.example.com acl url_static path_beg -i/static /images /javascript /stylesheets acl url_static path_end -i .jpg.jpeg .png .bmp .gif .css .js redirect scheme https if !{ ssl_fc } # 全站采用https协议 use_backend static_servers ifurl_static default_backend dynamic_servers #---------------------------------------------------------------------# static backend for serving up images, stylesheets and such#---------------------------------------------------------------------backend static_servers mode http balance roundrobin #option httpchk HEAD/healthchk.html server static1 192.168.100.64:80 check inter 1000rise 2 fall 4 weight 1 maxconn 6000 server static2 192.168.100.65:80 check inter 1000rise 2 fall 4 weight 1 maxconn 6000 http-request set-headerX-Forwarded-Port % http-request add-headerX-Forwarded-Proto https if { ssl_fc }backend dynamic_servers mode http balance roundrobin #cookie dynamic_cookie insert nocache indirect server https_dynamic1 192.168.200.70:80 checkinter 2000 rise 2 fall 4 weight 1 maxconn 1000 server https_dynamic2 192.168.200.71:80 checkinter 2000 rise 2 fall 4 weight 1 maxconn 1000 http-request set-headerX-Forwarded-Port % http-request add-headerX-Forwarded-Proto https if { ssl_fc } listen stats bind *:9090 stats enable stats uri /haproxy?stats stats hide-version stats auth admin:yourpassword stats admin if TRUE ②、haproxy.cfg配置说明haproxy的配置文件位于：/etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg，该配置文件中的一个重点是添加对https协议的支持，为了实现该目的，需要做如下操作：我们知道，haproxy代理ssl有三种方式：第一种，haproxy 自身提供ssl 证书，仅是客户端与haproxy之间传输https协议，而haproxy与后端的web server仍然传输http；第二种为SSL透传，haproxy 本身工作于tcp传输层，https由后端server直接处理，但haproxy不对https报文做任何修改，这就意味着后端server失去了对客户端IP、端口及使用协议的记录；第三种，SSL连接在负载均衡器处终止，按需求调整，然后作为新的SSL连接代理到后端服务器。这可能会提供最大的安全性和发送客户端信息的能力。这样做的代价是更多的CPU能耗和稍复杂的配置。实验中我们采用第一种，所以我们需要提供haproxy的ssl证书文件：因为是实验，所以我们需要生成自签署证书cacert.pem、应用程序haproxy证书haproxy.crt,应用程序haproxy私钥haproxy.key等文件，具体私钥及证书生成步骤这里不再详述。最后将haproxy.crt和haproxy.key合并为一个文件：# cd /etc/haproxy# cat haproxy.crt haproxy.key | tee haproxy.pem而上面生成的haproxy.pem正是haproxy.cfg所需要的：bind *:443 ssl crt /etc/haproxy/haproxy.pem③、keepalived安装与配置我们需要在前端部署有haproxy的两台server上安装keepalived，其安装过程较为简单，直接使用yum安装即可：# yum install -y keepalived# rpm -q keepalivedkeepalived-1.2.13-5.el6_6.x86_64 haproxy1上的keepalived配置： ! Configuration File for keepalived global_defs { notification_email { root@localhost } notification_email_fromAlexandre.Cassen@firewall.loc smtp_server 127.0.0.1 smtp_connect_timeout 30 router_id www.example.com } vrrp_script chk_haproxy { script "killall -0 haproxy&> /dev/null" interval 1 weight -20}vrrp_instance VI_1 { state MASTER interface eth0 virtual_router_id 51 priority 100 advert_int 1 authentication { auth_type PASS auth_pass 256f6df6 } virtual_ipaddress { 192.168.0.50/24 dev eth0label eth0:0 } track_script { chk_haproxy } notify_master"/etc/keepalived/notify.sh master" notify_backup"/etc/keepalived/notify.sh backup" notify_fault"/etc/keepalived/notify.sh fault"} vrrp_instance VI_2 { state BACKUP interface eth0 virtual_router_id 52 priority 99 advert_int 1 authentication { auth_type PASS auth_pass 19afa2c5 } virtual_ipaddress { 192.168.0.51/24 dev eth0label eth0:1 } track_script { chk_haproxy } notify_master"/etc/keepalived/notify.sh master" notify_backup "/etc/keepalived/notify.shbackup" notify_fault"/etc/keepalived/notify.sh fault"} haproxy2上的keepalived配置： ! Configuration File for keepalived global_defs { notification_email { root@localhost } notification_email_fromAlexandre.Cassen@firewall.loc smtp_server 127.0.0.1 smtp_connect_timeout 30 router_id centos66.example.com}vrrp_script chk_haproxy { script "killall -0 haproxy&> /dev/null" interval 1 weight -20 } vrrp_instance VI_1 { state BACKUP interface eth0 virtual_router_id 51 priority 99 advert_int 1 authentication { auth_type PASS auth_pass 256f6df6 } virtual_ipaddress { 192.168.0.50/24 dev eth0label eth0:0 } track_script { chk_haproxy } notify_master"/etc/keepalived/notify.sh master" notify_backup"/etc/keepalived/notify.sh backup" notify_fault"/etc/keepalived/notify.sh fault"}vrrp_instance VI_2 { state MASTER interface eth0 virtual_router_id 52 priority 100 advert_int 1 authentication { auth_type PASS auth_pass 19afa2c5 } virtual_ipaddress { 192.168.0.51/24 dev eth0label eth0:1 } track_script { chk_haproxy } notify_master "/etc/keepalived/notify.shmaster" notify_backup"/etc/keepalived/notify.sh backup" notify_fault"/etc/keepalived/notify.sh fault"} 消息通知脚本notify.sh：#!/bin/bash#Date:2017-10-07vip=192.168.0.50contact="root@localhost" notify() { mailsubject="`hostname` tobe $1: $vip floating" mailbody="`date +'%F%H:%M:%S'`: vrrp transition, `hostname` changed to be $1" echo "$mailbody" | mail-s "$mailsubject" $contact}case "$1" in master) notify master exit 0 ;;backup) notify backup exit 0 ;;fault) notify fault exit 0 ;;*) echo "Usage: `basename $0`{master|backup|fault}" exit 1 ;;esac ④、ntpd的安装与配置由于前端keepalived与后端各server通信需要保证时钟同步，所以我们需要在前端的其中一台主机上安装ntpd服务器，注意本次实验采用的是架构图1，如果是架构图2，那么前端的2台haproxy服务器上均要部署ntpd。# yum install -y ntpd# vi /etc/ntpd.conf# For more information about this file, see the man pages# ntp.conf(5), ntp_acc(5), ntp_auth(5), ntp_clock(5), ntp_misc(5),ntp_mon(5). driftfile /var/lib/ntp/drift # Permit time synchronization with our time source, but do not# permit the source to query or modify the service on this system.restrict default kod nomodify notrap nopeer noqueryrestrict -6 default kod nomodify notrap nopeer noquery restrict ntp1.aliyun.comrestrict ntp2.aliyun.comrestrict ntp3.aliyun.comrestrict ntp4.aliyun.comrestrict ntp5.aliyun.com# Permit all access over the loopback interface.This could# be tightened as well, but to do so would effect some of# the administrative functions.restrict 127.0.0.1 restrict -6 ::1restrict 192.168.100.0 mask 255.255.255.0 nomodifyserver ntp1.aliyun.com preferserver ntp2.aliyun.comserver ntp3.aliyun.comincludefile /etc/ntp/crypto/pwkeys /etc/ntp/keys
安装完成后启动即可：service ntpd start ;chkconfig ntpd on后端各server添加crontab任务计划：# crontab -eMAILTO=""*/10 * * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate 192.168.100.16 &> /dev/null这样设置完成后，后端的各server每10分钟就会与前端的ntpd进行一次时钟同步。⑤、Static Server Group静态服务器组的组成是由各linux主机上部署nginx来完成，在centos6.8上也可以直接使用yum来安装：# yum install -y nginx 然后对后端各主机上的nginx配置文件进行配置：# vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf# nginx.confusernginx;worker_processes1;worker_rlimit_nofile 51200;pid /var/run/nginx.pid;events { worker_connections51200;} http { include mime.types; default_typeapplication/octet-stream; log_formatmain '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' '$status$body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; access_log/var/log/nginx/access.logmain; error_log/var/log/nginx/error.lognotice; sendfile on; keepalive_timeout65; server { listen 80; server_namelocalhost; location / { root/var/www/html/phpBB; indexindex.html index.htm; } error_page 500 502 503 504/50x.html; location = /50x.html { root html; } } } ⑥、Dynamic Server Group在后端各server上需要部署httpd+mariadb+php，在centos7上安装过程比较简单，直接使用yum安装即可，这里不再具体给出各软件安装步骤，我们需要在/etc/httpd/conf.d中添加虚拟主机：# cd /etc/httpd/conf.d/# vi vhosts.conf<VirtualHost *:80> DocumentRoot"/var/www/html" ServerNameftp.example.com</VirtualHost> <Directory "/var/www/html/phpBB"> Options Includes ExecCGIFollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Require all granted</Directory> <VirtualHost *:80> DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/phpBB" ServerNamewww.example.com:80</VirtualHost>另外需要将配置文件：/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf中的"DocumentRoot"这一行注释掉并修改日志格式：#DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"LogFormat "%{X-Client}i%{X-Forwarded-For}i %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b\"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined#SetEnvIf Request_URI "^/test.html(/.*)?$" dontlog#CustomLog "logs/access_log" combined env=!dontlog
⑦、部署phpBB从phpBB官网下载安装包，将安装包分别拷贝至后端各server：Nginx1,Ngine2,LAMP1,LAMP2上的/var/www/html目录下，解压缩并修改所属用户和组，这里以后端的LAMP1来演示，其它各server上的操作步骤与下面类似：# cp phpBB-3.2.0.tar.bz2 /var/www/html# cd /var/www/html# tar xf phpBB-3.2.0.tar.bz2# lsphpBB3 # chown -R apache:apache phpBB3# ln -s phpBB3 phpBB# chown -R apache:apache phpBB 最后我们在LAMP1和LAMP2上创建数据库MariaDb[(none)] > create database phpBBMariaDb[(none)] > grant all privileges on phpBB.* to phpBB@'127.0.0.1'identified by 'yourpassword';MariaDb[(none)] > flush privileges;上面创建了phpBB数据库名为：phpBB，数据库用户名：phpBB，密码：yourpassword，这在后续的phpBB页面安装过程中需要。 至此各server配置已经完成，最后就需要我们在浏览器安装phpBB了，在浏览器中输入www.example.com进入安装。
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