QQ叫紫珊 发表于 2018-7-30 09:56:48

ansible文档

  本文转载自:http://www.apelearn.com/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=9781&highlight=ansible
  官方文档http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/   (Ansible的官方文档介绍)
  安装配置 http://sofar.blog.51cto.com/353572/1579894 (非常详细介绍了Ansible)
  常见错误http://afewbug.com/article/26   (列出了详细的安装错误和解决方法)
  特性
  (1)、no agents:不需要在被管控主机上安装任何客户端;
  (2)、no server:无服务器端,使用时直接运行命令即可;
  (3)、modules in any languages:基于模块工作,可使用任意语言开发模块;
  (4)、yaml,not code:使用yaml语言定制剧本playbook;
  (5)、ssh by default:基于SSH工作;
  (6)、strong multi-tier solution:可实现多级指挥。
  优点
  (1)、轻量级,无需在客户端安装agent,更新时,只需在操作机上进行一次更新即可;
  (2)、批量任务执行可以写成脚本,而且不用分发到远程就可以执行;
  (3)、使用python编写,维护更简单,ruby语法过于复杂;
  (4)、支持sudo。
  1. 安装
  yum install -y epel-release
  yum install -y ansible
  2.配置
  (1) ssh密钥配置
  首先生成密钥对
  ssh-keygen -t rsa直接回车即可,不用设置密钥密码

  这样会在root家目录下生成.ssh目录,这里面也会生成两个文件>  然后把公钥(id_rsa.pub)内容放到对方机器的/root/.ssh/authorized_keys里面,包括本机
  cat /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
  对方机器上要配置好 authorized_keys文件的权限
  chmod 600 /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
  还需要关闭selinux
  (2) ansible 配置
  vi/etc/ansible/hosts//增加
  
  127.0.0.1
  172.7.15.111
  说明: testhost为主机组名字,自定义的。 下面两个ip为组内的机器ip。
  3. 远程执行命令
  ansibletesthost -m command -a 'w'
  这样就可以批量执行命令了。这里的testhost 为主机组名,当然我们也可以直接写一个ip,针对某一台机器来执行命令。
  错误: "msg": "Aborting, target uses selinux but python bindings (libselinux-python) aren't installed!"
  解决: yum install -y libselinux-python
  4. 拷贝文件或者目录
  ansible testhost-m copy -a "src=/etc/ansible dest=/tmp/ansibletest owner=root group=root mode=0644"
  注意:源目录会放到目标目录下面去。
  5. 远程执行一个shell脚本
  首先创建一个shell脚本
  vim/tmp/test.sh//加入内容
  #!/bin/bash
  echo `date` > /tmp/ansible_test.txt
  然后把该脚本分发到各个机器上
  ansible testhost -m copy -a "src=/tmp/test.sh dest=/tmp/test.sh mod=0755"
  最后是批量执行该shell脚本
  ansible testhost -m shell -a "/tmp/test.sh"
  shell模块,还支持远程执行命令并且带管道
  ansible testhost -m shell -a "cat /etc/passwd|wc -l "
  6. cron
  ansible testhost -m cron -a "name='test cron' job='/bin/touch /tmp/1212.txt'weekday=6"
  若要删除该cron 只需要加一个字段 state=absent
  ansible testhost -m cron -a "name='test cron' job='/bin/touch /tmp/1212.txt'weekday=6 state=absent"
  7. yum和service
  ansible testhost -m yum -a "name=httpd"
  ansible testhost -m service -a "name=httpd state=started enabled=yes"
  文档使用:
  ansible-doc -l   列出所有的模块
  ansible-doc cron查看指定模块的文档
  8.playbook
  相当于把模块写入到配置文件里面
  例:
  cat/etc/ansible/test.yml
  ---
  - hosts: testhost
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
  - name: test_playbook
  shell: touch /tmp/lishiming.txt
  说明:
  hosts参数指定了对哪些主机进行参作;
  user参数指定了使用什么用户登录远程主机操作;
  tasks指定了一个任务,其下面的name参数同样是对任务的描述,在执行过程中会打印出来。
  执行:
  ansible-playbook test.yml
  再来一个例子:
  vim/etc/ansible/create_user.yml
  ---
  - name: create_user
  hosts: testhost
  user: root
  gather_facts: false
  vars:
  - user: "test"
  tasks:
  - name: create user
  user: name="` user `"
  说明:
  name参数对该playbook实现的功能做一个概述,后面执行过程中,会打印 name变量的值 ,可以省略;
  gather_facts参数指定了在以下任务部分执行前,是否先执行setup模块获取主机相关信息,这在后面的task会使用到setup获取的信息时用到;
  vars参数,指定了变量,这里指字一个user变量,其值为test ,需要注意的是,变量值一定要用引号引住;
  user提定了调用user模块,name是user模块里的一个参数,而增加的用户名字调用了上面user变量的值。
  循环with_items:
  ---
  - hosts: testhost
  user: root
  tasks:
  - name: change mod for file
  file: path=/tmp/` item ` mode=600 owner=root group=root
  with_items:
  - 1.txt
  - 2.txt
  说明: with_items 就是循环的关键
  条件when:
  ---
  - hosts: testhost
  remote_user: root
  gather_facts: True
  tasks:
  - name: use when
  shell: touch /tmp/when.txt
  when: facter_ipaddress == "172.7.15.106"
  模块handlers:
  执行task之后,服务器发生变化之后要执行的一些操作,比如我们修改了配置文件后,需要重启一下服务,具体示例
  ---
  - hosts: testhost
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
  - name: test copy
  copy: src=/tmp/1.txt dest=/tmp/2.txt
  notify: test handlers
  handlers:
  - name: test handlers
  shell: echo "121212" >> /tmp/2.txt
  说明,只有copy模块真正执行后,才会去调用下面的handlers相关的操作。也就是说如果1.txt和2.txt内容是一样的,并不会去执行handlers里面的shell相关命令。 这种比较适合配置文件发生更改后,重启服务的操作。
  9. 实际应用- 安装nginx
  cd/etc/ansible
  mkdir nginx_install
  mkdir-p nginx_install/roles/{common,delete,install}/{handlers,files,meta,tasks,templates,vars}
  说明:roles目录下有三个角色,common为一些准备操作,delete为删除nginx的操作,install为安装nginx的操作
  每个角色下面又有几个目录,handlers下面是当发生改变时要执行的操作,通常用在配置文件发生改变,重启服务。files为安装时用到的一些文件,meta为说明信息,说明角色依赖等信息,tasks里面是核心的配置文件,templates通常存一些配置文件,启动脚本等模板文件,vars下为定义的变量
  cdnginx_install/roles
  vim./common/tasks/main.yml //内容如下
  - name: Install initializtion require software
  yum: name=` item ` state=installed
  with_items:
  - gcc
  - zlib-devel
  - pcre-devel
  vim./install/vars/main.yml
  nginx_user: www
  nginx_port: 80
  nginx_web_dir: /data/www
  nginx_version: 1.4.3
  ls ./install/files/
  nginx-1.4.3.tar.gz
  说明: 我们需要把源码包放到 files目录里面
  ls ./install/templates
  index.html index.php install_nginx.sh nginx nginx.conf vhost.conf
  说明: 需要再templates下面准备好 默认页、安装nginx的shell脚本、nginx启动脚本、nginx配置文件以及虚拟主机配置文件
  vim ./install/tasks/copy.yml
  - name: Copy Nginx Software To Redhat Client
  copy: src=nginx-` nginx_version `.tar.gz dest=/tmp/nginx-` nginx_version `.tar.gz owner=root group=root
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Uncompression Nginx Software To Redhat Client
  shell: tar zxf /tmp/nginx-` nginx_version `.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Copy Nginx Start Script To Redhat Client
  template: src=nginx dest=/etc/init.d/nginx owner=root group=root mode=0755
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Copy Nginx Config To Redhat Client
  template: src=nginx.conf dest=/usr/local/nginx-` nginx_version `/conf/ owner=root group=root mode=0644
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Copy Nginx Vhost Config to RedHat Client
  template: src=vhost.conf dest=/usr/local/nginx-` nginx_version `/conf/vhost/ owner=root group=root mode=0644
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  说明: 首先把压缩包拷贝到/tmp/目录下,然后解压到/usr/local/下,再拷贝启动脚本到/etc/init.d/下,再拷贝nginx.conf以及vhost.conf
  vim ./install/tasks/install.yml
  - name: Create Nginx User In Redhat Client
  user: name=` nginx_user ` state=present createhome=no shell=/sbin/nologin
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Create Nginx Dir
  file: dest=` nginx_web_dir `/` item ` state=directory
  with_items:
  - vhost
  - logs
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Modify Nginx Dir Permission In Redhat Client
  file: path=` item ` owner=` nginx_user ` group=` nginx_user ` mode=0755
  with_items:
  - "` nginx_web_dir `"
  - /usr/local/nginx-` nginx_version `
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Create Index Html To Redhat Client
  template: src=index.html dest=` nginx_web_dir `/vhost/index.html owner=` nginx_user ` group=` nginx_user ` mode=0644
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Install Check Script In Redhat Client
  template: src=index.php dest=` nginx_web_dir `/vhost/ owner=` nginx_user ` group=` nginx_user ` mode=0644
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Start Nginx Service In Redhat Client
  service: name=nginx state=restarted
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Add Boot Start Nginx Service In Redhat Client
  shell: chkconfig --level 345 nginx on
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  vim ./install/tasks/delete.yml
  - name: Delete Nginx compression Software In Redhat Client
  shell: rm -rf /tmp/nginx-` nginx_version `.tar.gz
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  vim ./install/tasks/main.yml
  - include: copy.yml
  - include: install.yml
  - include: delete.yml
  vim./delete/vars/main.yml
  nginx_user: www
  nginx_port: 80
  nginx_web_dir: /data/webroot/nginx
  nginx_version: 1.4.3
  vim ./delete/tasks/main.yml
  - include: delete.yml
  vim ./delete/tasks/delete.yml
  - name: stop nginx service
  shell: ps -ef|grep nginx|grep -v grep|awk '{print $2}'|xargs kill -9 >>/dev/null 2>&1
  ignore_errors: yes
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Delete Nginx Boot Start Script
  shell: chkconfig --del nginx
  ignore_errors: yes
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Delete Nginx Dir
  shell: rm -rf /usr/local/nginx-` nginx_version `
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Delete Nginx User
  shell: userdel ` nginx_user `
  ignore_errors: yes
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Delete Nginx Service Start Script
  shell: rm -rf /etc/init.d/nginx
  when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  cd ../
  vim install.yml
  ---
  - hosts: testhost
  remote_user: root
  gather_facts: True
  roles:
  - common
  - install
  vim delete.yml
  ---
  - hosts: testhost
  remote_user: root
  gather_facts: True
  roles:
  - delete
  安装nginx:ansible-playbookinstall.yml
  删除nginx: ansible-playbookdelete.yml
  下载整个样例库
  git clone git://github.com/dl528888/ansible-examples.git
  git命令,需要yum先安装一下: yum install -y git
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