ansible详解
ansible：特性：
模块化，调用特定的模块来完成特定任务；
基于Python语言实现，由Paramiko，PyYAML和Jinja2三个关键模块实现；
部署简单，agentless；
主从模式；
支持自定义模块；
支持playbook
（支持幂等性）
组成部分:
ansible core
host inventory
connection plugins
modules:
custom modules;
core modules;
playbooks
配置文件：
主配置文件：/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
Host Inventory:/etc/ansible/hosts
ansible命令：
ansible<host-pattern>[-f forks][-m module_name][-a args]
-i PATH, --inventory=PATH：指明使用的host inventory文件路径；
注：在使用ansible命令在director主机上统一管控后端集群主机时，director基于ssh协议与后端主机进行管控，所以要提前生成director的密钥对copy给集群中需要被ansible管控的主机，使director主机与集群中的主机可以基于密钥对方式连接ssh。
在director主机中安装ansible：
# yum install ansible# vim /etc/ansible/hosts #在hosts文件中定义要管控的主机
172.16.61.2
172.16.61.3
...
# ansible-doc --help #ansible-doc命令查看模块使用方法-s指明模块
Usage: ansible-doc
Show Ansible module documentation
Options:
--version show program's version number and exit
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-M MODULE_PATH, --module-path=MODULE_PATH
Ansible modules/ directory
-l, --list List available modules
-s, --snippet Show playbook snippet for specified module(s)
-v Show version number and exit
常用模块：
[-a args]：
args： key=value键值类型
①command：默认模块：在远程节点上运行一个命令；
-a 'COMMAND'
注：command模块的参数非为kv格式，而是直接给出要执行的命令即可；
# ansible all -m command -a 'ls'#在远程节点上运行ls命令
172.16.61.2 | success | rc=0 >>
anaconda-ks.cfg
172.16.61.3 | success | rc=0 >>
anaconda-ks.cfg
# ansible all -a 'ls' #command为默认模块不-m指明也能默认使用
172.16.61.3 | success | rc=0 >>
anaconda-ks.cfg
172.16.61.2 | success | rc=0 >>
anaconda-ks.cfg
②user：
-a 'name=state={present|absent}force= system=uid=shell=home='
# ansible websrvs -m user -a 'name=tz state=present'#在远程节点创建该用户
172.16.61.3 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"comment": "",
"createhome": true,
"group": 1001,
"home": "/home/tz",
"name": "tz",
"shell": "/bin/bash",
"state": "present",
"system": false,
"uid": 1001
}
172.16.61.2 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"comment": "",
"createhome": true,
"group": 1001,
"home": "/home/tz",
"name": "tz",
"shell": "/bin/bash",
"state": "present",
"system": false,
"uid": 1001
}
# ansible websrvs -m user -a 'name=tz state=absent force=true' #删除该用户及家目录
172.16.61.3 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"force": true,
"name": "tz",
"remove": false,
"state": "absent"
}
172.16.61.2 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"force": true,
"name": "tz",
"remove": false,
"state": "absent"
}
③group：
-a 'name=state={present|absent}gid=system='
# ansible websrvs -m group -a 'name=grp state=present system=true' #创建grp系统组
172.16.61.2 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"gid": 992,
"name": "grp",
"state": "present",
"system": true
}
172.16.61.3 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"gid": 992,
"name": "grp",
"state": "present",
"system": true
}
④cron：
-a 'name=state=minute=hour=day=month=weekday=job='
# ansible websrvs -m cron -a "name=timesync minute='*/5' job='/usr/sbin/ntpdate 172.16.0.1 &> /dev/null'" #在远程节点上定义周期性任务，每五分钟执行一次同步时间的操作
172.16.61.3 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"jobs": [
"timesync"
]
}
172.16.61.2 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"jobs": [
"timesync"
]
}
# crontab -l #远程节点上可以查看出该周期任务。
#Ansible: timesync
*/5 * * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate 172.16.0.1 &> /dev/null
# ansible websrvs -m cron -a "name=timesync state=absent"#删除该周期性任务
172.16.61.3 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"jobs": []
}
172.16.61.2 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"jobs": []
}
⑤ping：
没有参数
# ansible websrvs -m ping
172.16.61.3 | success >> {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
172.16.61.2 | success >> {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
⑥file：
-a 'path=mode=owner=group=state={file|directory|link|hard|touch|absent}src='
# ansible websrvs -m file -a 'path=/tmp/test state=touch mode=600'#在远程节点上/tmp目录下创建权限为600，名称为test的文件
172.16.61.3 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"dest": "/tmp/test",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"mode": "0600",
"owner": "root",
"secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:user_tmp_t:s0",
"size": 0,
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
172.16.61.2 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"dest": "/tmp/test",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"mode": "0600",
"owner": "root",
"secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:user_tmp_t:s0",
"size": 0,
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
# ansible websrvs -m file -a 'path=/tmp/test state=absent' #删除该文件
172.16.61.3 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"path": "/tmp/test",
"state": "absent"
}
172.16.61.2 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"path": "/tmp/test",
"state": "absent"
}
# ansible websrvs -m file -a 'path=/tmp/test state=link src=/etc/fstab' #在远程节点上创建/etc/fstab的符号链接指向/tmp/test
172.16.61.3 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"dest": "/tmp/test",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"mode": "0777",
"owner": "root",
"secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:user_tmp_t:s0",
"size": 10,
"src": "/etc/fstab",
"state": "link",
"uid": 0
}
172.16.61.2 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"dest": "/tmp/test",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"mode": "0777",
"owner": "root",
"secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:user_tmp_t:s0",
"size": 10,
"src": "/etc/fstab",
"state": "link",
"uid": 0
}
⑦copy：把管理端的文件给远程节点各复制一份
-a 'dest=src=content=owner=group=mode='
# ansible websrvs -m copy -a 'src=/etc/fstab dest=/tmp/fstab mode=660' #将本地主机/etc/fstab文件复制到远程节点的/tmp目录下，权限为660
172.16.61.3 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"checksum": "37ed7ee7a0cb241d01cf18351d2c541d12003937",
"dest": "/tmp/fstab",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "8c466190fc6993d65baeeb0beff52de4",
"mode": "0660",
"owner": "root",
"secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0",
"size": 619,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1454251002.67-64682182817600/source",
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
172.16.61.2 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"checksum": "37ed7ee7a0cb241d01cf18351d2c541d12003937",
"dest": "/tmp/fstab",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "8c466190fc6993d65baeeb0beff52de4",
"mode": "0660",
"owner": "root",
"secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0",
"size": 619,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1454251002.66-162169360284592/source",
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
⑧yum：
-a 'name=conf_file=state={present|latest|absent}enablerepo= disablerepo='
# ansible websrvs -m yum -a 'name=httpd state=present'#在远程节点上安装httpd程序
172.16.61.2 | success >> {
"changed": false,
"msg": "",
"rc": 0,
"results": [
"httpd-2.4.6-31.el7.centos.x86_64 providing httpd is already installed" #提示已经被安装了
]
}
172.16.61.3 | success >> {
"changed": false,
"msg": "",
"rc": 0,
"results": [
"httpd-2.4.6-31.el7.centos.x86_64 providing httpd is already installed"
]
}
⑨service：启动远程节点的服务
-a'name=state={started|stopped|restarted}enabled=runlevel='
# ansible websrvs -m service -a 'name=httpd state=started enabled=true' #开启远程节点的httpd服务，并且设定开机启动
172.16.61.2 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"enabled": true,
"name": "httpd",
"state": "started"
}
172.16.61.3 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"enabled": true,
"name": "httpd",
"state": "started"
}
⑩shell：在shell环境中运行命令
-a'COMMAND'
# ansible websrvs -m shell -a 'echo "tianzhuang" | passwd --stdin user1'
172.16.61.3 | success | rc=0 >>
Changing password for user user1.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
172.16.61.2 | success | rc=0 >>
Changing password for user user1.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
script：将主机上的脚本复制到远程节点上并运行
-a'/PATH/TO/SCRIPT'
# vim hello.sh#在本地创建一个脚本
#!/bin/bash
echo "hello"
# ansible websrvs -m script -a '/root/hello.sh' #在远程节点上运行该脚本
172.16.61.2 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"rc": 0,
"stderr": "OpenSSH_6.6.1, OpenSSL 1.0.1e-fips 11 Feb 2013\r\ndebug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config\r\ndebug1: /etc/ssh/ssh_config line 56: Applying options for *\r\ndebug1: auto-mux: Trying existing master\r\ndebug1: mux_client_request_session: master session id: 2\r\nShared connection to 172.16.61.2 closed.\r\n",
"stdout": "hello\r\n"
}
172.16.61.3 | success >> {
"changed": true,
"rc": 0,
"stderr": "OpenSSH_6.6.1, OpenSSL 1.0.1e-fips 11 Feb 2013\r\ndebug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config\r\ndebug1: /etc/ssh/ssh_config line 56: Applying options for *\r\ndebug1: auto-mux: Trying existing master\r\ndebug1: mux_client_request_session: master session id: 2\r\nShared connection to 172.16.61.3 closed.\r\n",
"stdout": "hello\r\n"
}
setup：
获取指定主机的facts；
注： ansible-doc命令：获取模块列表，及模块使用格式；
ansible-doc-l
ansible-doc-smodule_name
ansible playbooks：
核心元素：
Tasks
Variables
Templates
Handlers
Roles
组织格式：YAML
列表：-
字典：k:v数据，键值对
# vim first.yml
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install httpd
yum: name=httpd state=present
- name: install php
yum: name=php state=present
- name: start httpd
service: name=httpd state=started
ansible-playbook命令：
ansible-playbook<filename.yml> ...
# ansible-playbook first.yml
PLAY ****************************************************************
GATHERING FACTS ***************************************************************
ok:
ok:
TASK: *********************************************************
ok:
ok:
TASK: ***********************************************************
changed:
changed:
TASK: ***********************************************************
ok:
ok:
PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************
172.16.61.2 : ok=4 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
172.16.61.3 : ok=4 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
playbook的元素：
（1）变量：
变量命名：字母、数字和下划线组成，仅能以字母开头；
变量种类：
①facts：由远程主机发回的主机属性信息，这些信息被保存在ansible变量中；无须定义，可直接调用；
②自定义变量：
通过命令行传递： ansible-playbooktest.yml--extra-vars "host=www user=mageedu"
通过roles传递
③主机变量：定义在inventory中的主机之后的变量；
host:var
# vim /etc/ansible/hosts
...
172.16.61.2 host=mail
④组变量：定义在inventory中的组上的变量
var1=value
var2=value
变量使用示例：
# vim second.yml
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
vars: #定义变量
username: student
password: tianzhuang
tasks:
- name: add user
user: name={{ username }} state=present #｛｛｝｝引用变量
- name: set password
shell: /bin/echo {{ password }} | /usr/bin/passwd --stdin {{ username }}
# ansible-playbook second.yml
PLAY ****************************************************************
GATHERING FACTS ***************************************************************
ok:
ok:
TASK: **************************************************************
changed:
changed:
TASK: **********************************************************
changed:
changed:
PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************
172.16.61.2 : ok=3 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0
172.16.61.3 : ok=3 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0
# ansible-playbook second.yml --extra-vars "username=tz"#也可以在命令行中利用扩展进行变量赋值，此种方法优先级高于在yaml文件中定义的变量
PLAY ****************************************************************
GATHERING FACTS ***************************************************************
ok:
ok:
TASK: **************************************************************
changed:
changed:
TASK: **********************************************************
changed:
changed:
PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************
172.16.61.2 : ok=3 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0
172.16.61.3 : ok=3 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0
（2）inventory参数：
ansible基于ssh连接inventory中指定的远程主机时，将以此处的参数指定的属性进行；
ansible_ssh_port
ansible_ssh_user
ansible_ssh_pass
ansible_sudo_pass
# vim /etc/ansible/hosts
...
172.16.61.2 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=mageedu
(3)条件测试：
在某task后面添加when语句即可实现条件测试功能；when语句支持jinjia2语法；
# vim third.yml
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install web server
apt: name=apache2
when: ansible_os_family == "Debin" #添加when语句判断操作系统为Debin系时使用apt命令安装apache2
- name: say hello
command: /bin/echo "hello"
# ansible-playbook third.yml
PLAY ****************************************************************
GATHERING FACTS ***************************************************************
ok:
ok:
TASK: ****************************************************
skipping: #目标远程节点为CentOS系所以直接跳过
skipping:
TASK: *************************************************************
changed:
changed:
PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************
172.16.61.2 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
172.16.61.3 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
（4）迭代：
在task中调用内置的item变量；在某task后面使用with_items语句来定义元素列表
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: add two users
user: name={{ item }} state=present
with_items:
- testuser1
- testuser2
注：迭代中列表中的每个元素可以为字典格式；
（5）handlers：
也是task，但只有其关注的条件满足时，才会被触发执行
...
Listen 8080 #在director主机上更改httpd配置文件监听8080端口
# vim fifth.yml
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install config file
copy: src=/root/httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
notify: restart httpd #文件改变时通知给触发器
- name: start service
service: name=httpd state=started
handlers: #定义触发器
- name: restart httpd
service: name=httpd state=restarted
# ansible-playbook fifth.yml
PLAY ****************************************************************
GATHERING FACTS ***************************************************************
ok:
ok:
TASK: ***************************************************
changed:
changed:
TASK: *********************************************************
ok:
ok:
NOTIFIED: *****************************************************
changed:
changed:
PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************
172.16.61.2 : ok=4 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0
172.16.61.3 : ok=4 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0
LISTEN 0 128 :::8080 :::* #远程节点已经监听到8080端口了.
（6）templates：
用于生成文本文件（配置文件）；模块文件中可使用jinjia2表达式，表达式要定义在｛｛ ｝｝，也可以简单的执行变量替换
#在inventory中配置主机变量
172.16.61.2 httpd_port=8080
172.16.61.3 httpd_port=8088
Listen {{ httpd_port }} #在director中更改httpd配置文件监听端口为变量名
# cp ./httpd.conf ./httpd.conf.jinjia2#更改为jinjia2文件格式
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install config file
template: src=/root/httpd.conf.jinjia2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf#此处使用template模块
notify: restart httpd
- name: start service
service: name=httpd state=started
handlers:
- name: restart httpd
service: name=httpd state=restarted
# ansible-playbook fifth.yml
PLAY ****************************************************************
GATHERING FACTS ***************************************************************
ok:
ok:
TASK: ***************************************************
changed:
ok:
TASK: *********************************************************
ok:
ok:
NOTIFIED: *****************************************************
changed:
PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************
172.16.61.2 : ok=3 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
172.16.61.3 : ok=4 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0
LISTEN 0 128 :::8088 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::8080 :::*
（7）roles：
1）roles用于实现“代码复用”；
2）roles以特定的层次型个好似组织起来的playbook元素（variables，tasks，templates，handlers）；可被playbook以role的名字直接进行调用；
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