saltstack的探索-通过官网文档迅速了解salt
http://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/SaltStack
Salt, a new approach to infrastructure management, is easy enough to get running in minutes, scalable enough to manage tens of thousands of servers, and fast enough to communicate with those servers in seconds.
Salt delivers a dynamic communication bus for infrastructures that can be used for orchestration, remote execution, configuration management and much more.
Getting Started
通过实例来迅速了解salt：
Official Salt Walkthroughhttp://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/topics/tutorials/walkthrough.html
1. minion的id
minion启动时，能自动生成一个id，也可以在配置文件中手动指定
2. 接受minion的key之前，安全起见，可以打印minion's public key的指纹
salt-key -f minion-id
On the master:
# salt-key -f foo.domain.com
Unaccepted Keys:
foo.domain.com:39:f9:e4:8a:aa:74:8d:52:1a:ec:92:03:82:09:c8:f9
On the minion:
# salt-call key.finger --local
local:
39:f9:e4:8a:aa:74:8d:52:1a:ec:92:03:82:09:c8:f9
If they match, approve the key with salt-key -a foo.domain.com
3. 第一个命令
salt '*' test.ping
The * is the target, which specifies all minions.
test.ping tells the minion to run the test.ping function.
In the case of test.ping, test refers to a execution module. ping refers to the ping function contained in the aforementioned test module.
test是一个module，ping是这个module中的一个function
类似的，还有一堆的module
Module documentation is also available on the web.
Full list of builtin execution moduleshttp://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/ref/modules/all/index.html
4. Helpful Functions to Know
salt '*' cmd.run 'ls -l /usr'
test230:
total 212
dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 69632 Feb 11 04:49 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root4096 Nov12011 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root4096 Nov12011 games
drwxr-xr-x.66 root root 12288 Feb 11 14:34 include
dr-xr-xr-x.30 root root4096 Oct 14 14:32 lib
dr-xr-xr-x. 107 root root 77824 Feb 11 13:35 lib64
drwxr-xr-x.23 root root 12288 Dec 27 03:12 libexec
drwxr-xr-x.26 root root4096 Feb 11 11:31 local
dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 12288 Dec 27 03:12 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 213 root root4096 Dec 26 14:28 share
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root4096 Jul 302014 src
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 10 Mar62014 tmp -> ../var/tmp
salt '*' pkg.install ruby
test230:
----------
compat-readline5:
----------
new:
5.2-17.1.el6
old:
ruby:
----------
new:
1.8.7.374-3.el6_6
old:
ruby-libs:
----------
new:
1.8.7.374-3.el6_6
old:
# salt '*' cmd.run 'tail /var/log/messages -n 3'
test230:
Feb 11 15:10:50 test230 yum: Installed: compat-readline5-5.2-17.1.el6.x86_64
Feb 11 15:10:51 test230 yum: Installed: ruby-libs-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6.x86_64
Feb 11 15:10:52 test230 yum: Installed: ruby-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6.x86_64
# salt '*' network.interfaces
test230:
----------
eth0:
----------
hwaddr:
d4:3d:7e:32:17:d1
inet:
|_
----------
address:
192.168.1.230
broadcast:
192.168.1.255
label:
eth0
netmask:
255.255.255.0
inet6:
|_
----------
address:
fe80::d63d:7eff:fe32:17d1
prefixlen:
64
secondary:
|_
----------
address:
192.168.1.249
broadcast:
None
label:
eth0
netmask:
255.255.255.0
type:
inet
up:
True
lo:
----------
hwaddr:
00:00:00:00:00:00
inet:
|_
----------
address:
127.0.0.1
broadcast:
None
label:
lo
netmask:
255.0.0.0
|_
----------
address:
192.168.1.130
broadcast:
192.168.1.130
label:
lo:0
netmask:
255.255.255.255
inet6:
|_
----------
address:
::1
prefixlen:
128
up:
True
5. Grains
Salt uses a system called Grains to build up static data about minions. This data includes information about the operating system that is running, CPU architecture and much more. The grains system is used throughout Salt to deliver platform data to many components and to users.
Grains can also be statically set, this makes it easy to assign values to minions for grouping and managing.
A common practice is to assign grains to minions to specify what the role or roles a minion might be. These static grains can be set in the minion configuration file or via the grains.setval function.
6. Targeting
Salt allows for minions to be targeted based on a wide range of criteria. The default targeting system uses globular expressions to match minions, hence if there are minions named larry1, larry2, curly1, and curly2, a glob of larry* will match larry1 and larry2, and a glob of *1 will match larry1 and curly1.
Many other targeting systems can be used other than globs, these systems include:
Regular Expressions
Target using PCRE-compliant regular expressions
Grains
Target based on grains data: Targeting with Grains
Pillar
Target based on pillar data: Targeting with Pillar
IP
Target based on IP address/subnet/range
Compound
Create logic to target based on multiple targets: Targeting with Compound
Nodegroup
Target with nodegroups: Targeting with Nodegroup
7. SALT STATES
Salt States, or the State System is the component of Salt made for configuration management.
The state system is built on SLS formulas. These formulas are built out in files on Salt's file server. To make a very basic SLS formula open up a file under /srv/salt named vim.sls. The following state ensures that vim is installed on a system to which that state has been applied.
创建一个文件：
/srv/salt/vim.sls:
内容是：
# cat vim.sls
vim-enhanced:
pkg.installed
Now install vim on the minions by calling the SLS directly:
安装vim：
# salt '*' state.sls vim
test230:
----------
ID: vim-enhanced
Function: pkg.installed
Result: True
Comment: Package vim-enhanced is already installed.
Started: 10:05:53.851780
Duration: 1044.131 ms
Changes:
Summary
------------
Succeeded: 1
Failed: 0
------------
Total states run: 1
This command will invoke the state system and run the vim SLS.
这个命令会调入state system并执行对应的vim这个sls文件
Now, to beef up the vim SLS formula, a vimrc can be added:
增强一下，增加一个自定义的配置文件
# cat /srv/salt/vim.sls:
vim-enhanced:
pkg.installed: []
/root/.vimrc:
file.managed:
- source: salt://files/vim/vimrc
- mode: 644
- uesr: root
- group: root
执行：
# salt '*' state.sls vim
test230:
----------
ID: vim-enhanced
Function: pkg.installed
Result: True
Comment: Package vim-enhanced is already installed.
Started: 10:08:52.457087
Duration: 1041.624 ms
Changes:
----------
ID: /root/.vimrc
Function: file.managed
Result: True
Comment: File /root/.vimrc updated
Started: 10:08:53.498852
Duration: 165.523 ms
Changes:
----------
diff:
New file
mode:
0644
Summary
------------
Succeeded: 2 (changed=1)
Failed: 0
------------
Total states run: 2
8. Adding Some Depth
显然在file server的根目录（/srv/salt/）下维护所有的sls文件扩展性不好，让我们增加一点目录层级的深度。
Obviously maintaining SLS formulas right in a single directory at the root of the file server will not scale out to reasonably sized deployments. This is why more depth is required.
以安装nginx为例
Start by making an nginx formula a better way, make an nginx subdirectory and add an init.sls file:
/srv/salt/nginx/init.sls:
# cat nginx/init.sls
nginx:
pkg.installed: []
service.running:
- require:
- pkg: nginx
A few concepts are introduced in this SLS formula.
First is the service statement which ensures that the nginx service is running.
service这个语法，保障nginx服务是running状态的
Of course, the nginx service can't be started unless the package is installed -- hence the require statement which sets up a dependency between the two.
The require statement makes sure that the required component is executed before and that it results in success.
当然，只有安装了nginx服务的包，才能启动nginx服务呀，所以，require语法保障了这样一个依赖关系，确保required的组件在之前已经被执行成功，这样才能去start这个服务。
Note
The require option belongs to a family of options called requisites. Requisites are a powerful component of Salt States, for more information on how requisites work and what is available see: Requisites
http://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/ref/states/requisites.html
Also evaluation ordering is available in Salt as well: Ordering States
http://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/ref/states/ordering.html
This new sls formula has a special name -- init.sls. When an SLS formula is named init.sls it inherits the name of the directory path that contains it. This formula can be referenced via the following command:
新的sls公司有一个特殊的名称“init.sls”，这样的一个sls会继承当前目录的名称，用这样的一个命令来关联起来，试一试：
salt '*' state.sls nginx
# salt '*' state.sls nginx
test230:
----------
ID: nginx
Function: pkg.installed
Result: True
Comment: The following packages were installed/updated: nginx.
Started: 11:37:04.182413
Duration: 187110.65 ms
Changes:
----------
gd:
----------
new:
2.0.35-11.el6
old:
nginx:
----------
new:
1.0.15-11.el6
old:
nginx-filesystem:
----------
new:
1.0.15-11.el6
old:
----------
ID: nginx
Function: service.running
Result: True
Comment: The service nginx is already running
Started: 11:40:11.293241
Duration: 59.986 ms
Changes:
Summary
------------
Succeeded: 2 (changed=1)
Failed: 0
------------
Total states run: 2
Note
Reminder!
Just as one could call the test.ping or disk.usage execution modules, state.sls is simply another execution module. It simply takes the name of an SLS file as an argument.
就像可以调用test.ping or disk.usage这两个执行模块一样，state.sls也是另一个执行模块，，后边跟着的参数就是要执行的sls配置文件的名称（例如vim，nginx这些）。
现在，继续用子目录来管理，调整下vim的配置：
Now that subdirectories can be used, the vim.sls formula can be cleaned up. To make things more flexible, move the vim.sls and vimrc into a new subdirectory called edit and change the vim.sls file to reflect the change:
/srv/salt/edit/vim.sls:
vim:
pkg.installed
/etc/vimrc:
file.managed:
- source: salt://edit/vimrc
- mode: 644
- user: root
- group: root
Only the source path to the vimrc file has changed. Now the formula is referenced as edit.vim because it resides in the edit subdirectory. Now the edit subdirectory can contain formulas for emacs, nano, joe or any other editor that may need to be deployed.
执行方式变成了salt '*' state.sls edit.vim
# salt '*' state.sls edit.vim
test230:
----------
ID: vim-enhanced
Function: pkg.installed
Result: True
Comment: Package vim-enhanced is already installed.
Started: 11:53:52.288936
Duration: 1039.998 ms
Changes:
----------
ID: /root/.vimrc
Function: file.managed
Result: True
Comment: File /root/.vimrc is in the correct state
Started: 11:53:53.329085
Duration: 161.691 ms
Changes:
Summary
------------
Succeeded: 2
Failed: 0
------------
Total states run: 2
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