李斯特 发表于 2018-8-8 11:11:21

python基础知识---简单语法

  1.if语句
  >> a = 10
  >> b = 20
  >> if(a>b):
  print("a max!")
  else:
  print("b max!")
  b max!
  >> student = "zhangxiaoyu"
  >> if (student == "zhanxgiaoyu"):
  print("YES")
  else:
  print("NO")
  NO
  >> if (student != "zhanxgiaoyu"):
  print("YES")
  else:
  print("NO")
  YES
  【in 和 not in 表示包含的关系】
  >> hi = "hello python"
  >> if ("h" in hi):
  print("yes")
  else:
  print("no")
  yes
  >> if (" " in hi):
  print("yes")
  else:
  print("no")
  yes
  >> if ("i" in hi):
  print("yes")
  else:
  print("no")
  no
  【if语句可以进行布尔类型判断】
  >> a = True
  >> if a:
  print(" a is True")
  else:
  print("a is no True")
  a is True
  2.for语句
  >> names = ["xiaoyu","xiaowen","huahua","qiongge"]
  >> for name in names:
  print(name)
  xiaoyu
  xiaowen
  huahua
  qiongge
  >> for name in names:
  print(name)
  if(name == "huahua"):
  print("yes")
  break
  xiaoyu
  xiaowen
  huahua
  yes
  >> for name in names:
  print(name)
  if(name == "huahua"):
  print("yes")
  continue
  xiaoyu
  xiaowen
  huahua
  yes
  qiongge
  range()函数:默认从零开始循环,也可以设置起始位置和步长
  >> for i in range(10):
  print(i)
  01
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
  >> for i in range(1,20,5):
  print(i)
  1
  6
  11
  16
  3.数组与字典
  (1)数组
  >> lists =
  >> lists
  1
  >> lists
  'a'
  >> lists = 'n'
  >> lists
  'n'
  >> lists.append("v")
  >> lists
  
  (2)字典
  >> ret = {"usenames":"xiaoyu","password":"12345"}
  >> ret.keys()
  dict_keys(['password', 'usenames'])
  >> ret.values()
  dict_values(['12345', 'xiaoyu'])
  >> ret.items()
  dict_items([('password', '12345'), ('usenames', 'xiaoyu')])
  4.函数、类和方法
  (1)函数
  def关键字来定义函数。
  >> def add(a,b):
  print(a+b)
  >> add(1,2)
  3
  >> sum = add(1,2)
  3
  >> def add(a,b):
  return (a+b)
  >> add(1,9)
  10
  若在调用add()函数时不想传参,可设置默认参数。
  >> def add(a = 1,b = 9):
  return (a+b)
  >> add()
  10
  >> add(10,20)
  30
  (2)类和方法
  class A(object):
  def add(self,a,b):
  return (a+b)
count = A()
  print(count.add(3,9))
  class A():
  def init(self,a,b):   #初始化
  self.a = int(a)
  self.b = int(b)
  def add(self):
  return self.a+self.b
  count = A(0,0)
  print(count.add())
  class A():   #B继承A
  def add(self, a, b):
  return(a+b)
  class B(A):
  def sub(self,a,b):
  return(a-b)
  count = B()
  print(count.add(10,90))
  print(count.sub(10-9,9))
  5.模组(类库、模块)
  (1)在time模块下面有一个ctime()方法用于获取当前时间
  import time
  print(time.ctime())
  from time import ctime   #只会用到tiem下的ctime()方法
  print(ctime())
  import time
  print(time.ctime())
  print(time.sleep(2))
  print("休眠两秒")
  print(time.sleep(2))
  print(time.ctime())
  from time import #“”用于表示模块下面的所有方法
  print(ctime())
  print("休眠3秒")
  print(sleep(3))
  print(ctime())
  5.异常
  (1)
  try:
  open("abc.txt",'r')
  except FileNotFoundError:    #试图打开一个不存在的文件与目录
  print("异常了!")
  (2)
  try:
  print(aa)
  except NameError:          #使用一个还未赋值对象的变量
  print("这是一个name异常")
  (3)
  try:
  open("abc.txt",'r')
  print(aa)
  except Exception(BaseException) as msg:
  print("这是一个异常")
  print(msg)
   No such file or directory: 'abc.txt'
  在python中所有的异常类都继承Exception,所以可以使用它来接收所有类型的异常。从python2.5版本之后,所有的异常都有了新的基类BaseException。Exception同样继承自BaseException。
  (4)异常与if语句配合
  try:
  aa = "python"
  print(aa)
  except Exception as msg:
  print("有异常存在")
  else:
  print("输出正常,没有异常")
  try:
  aa = "python"
  print(aa)
  except Exception as meg:
  print(msg)
  finally:
  print("不管是否有异常存在,都会执行")
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