mysql备份和恢复
一、备份准备工作1.查看服务器状态
mysql> \s
--------------
mysqlVer 14.14 Distrib 5.5.37, for Linux (x86_64) usingEditLine wrapper
Connection id:5
Current database:
Current user:root@localhost
SSL:Not in use
Current pager:stdout
Using outfile:''
Using delimiter:;
Server version:5.5.37 Source distribution
Protocol version:10
Connection:127.0.0.1 via TCP/IP
Server characterset:utf8
Db characterset:utf8
Client characterset:utf8
Conn.characterset:utf8
TCP port:3306
Uptime:45 min 22 sec
Threads: 1Questions: 17Slow queries: 0Opens: 41Flush tables: 1Open tables: 4Queries per second avg: 0.006
--------------
2.查看数据目录存放位置
mysql> show variables like '%datadir%';
+---------------+-------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------------------+
| datadir | /data/mysql/data/ |
+---------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
3.修改my.cnf
# vim /etc/my.cnf
log-bin=mysql-bin
innodb_file_per_table = 1
重启mysqld服务
# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL. SUCCESS!
Starting MySQL.. SUCCESS!
4.查看新生成的binlog日志
# ll /data/mysql/data/
total 28700
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 18874368 Jun2 16:30 ibdata1
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql5242880 Jun2 16:30 ib_logfile0
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql5242880 Jun2 15:37 ib_logfile1
drwx------ 2 mysql root 4096 Jun2 15:37 mysql
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 107 Jun2 16:30 mysql-bin.000001
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 19 Jun2 16:30 mysql-bin.index
srwxrwxrwx 1 mysql mysql 0 Jun2 16:30 mysql.sock
-rw-r----- 1 mysql root 3375 Jun2 16:30 nagios-client.err
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 6 Jun2 16:30 nagios-client.pid
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Jun2 15:37 performance_schema
drwx------ 2 mysql root 4096 Jun2 15:37 test
5.准备一个test库，里面有两张表，t1表和t2表！
第一张t1表，使用的是MyISAM引擎，其中有1亿多行数据，第二张t2表,使用的是INNODB引擎，其中有2千多万行数据！
mysql> create table t1 (id int(10) default null)engine=myisam default
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) #创建一个简单的t1表，里面只有一个字段 id
mysql> show create table t1;
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| t1 | CREATE TABLE `t1` (
`id` int(10) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>insert into t1 values(1),(2),(3),(4),(5),(6),(7),(8),(9),(10); #先插入十个数据
mysql> insert into t1 select * from t1;
mysql> select count(*) from t1;
+-----------+
| count(*)|
+-----------+
| 335544320 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.04 sec)
t2表
mysql> create table t2 (id int(10) default null)engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.14 sec)
mysql> show create table t2;
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| t2 | CREATE TABLE `t2` (
`id` int(10) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into t2 values(1),(2),(3),(4),(5),(6),(7),(8),(9),(10);
二、备份策略具体演示
1.策略一：直接拷贝数据库文件（文件系统备份工具 cp）（适合小型数据库）
(1).标准流程：锁表->刷新表到磁盘->拷贝文件->解锁（注,若有有可能的话，可以先停止数据库，再用cp命令准备，这样备份的数据最可靠）
(2).具体步骤：
a.打开第一个终端，
mysql> flush tables with read lock;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
b.打开第二个终端
# mkdir /root/alldb.`date +%F-%H-%M-%S`/#创建备份目录
# cp -rp /data/mysql/data/* /root/alldb.2015-06-02-16-56-27/ #复制所以的数据库文件
c.在第一个终端解锁
mysql> unlock tables;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)
# ll /root/alldb.2015-06-02-16-56-27/ #查看备份好的数据库
total 372772
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 371195904 Jun2 16:52 ibdata1
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5242880 Jun2 16:52 ib_logfile0
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5242880 Jun2 16:52 ib_logfile1
drwx------ 2 mysql root 4096 Jun2 15:37 mysql
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 11027 Jun2 16:52 mysql-bin.000001
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 19 Jun2 16:30 mysql-bin.index
srwxrwxrwx 1 mysql mysql 0 Jun2 16:30 mysql.sock
-rw-r----- 1 mysql root 3375 Jun2 16:30 nagios-client.err
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 6 Jun2 16:30 nagios-client.pid
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Jun2 15:37 performance_schema
drwx------ 2 mysql root 4096 Jun2 16:45 test
(3).模拟数据库损坏
直接删除数据目录中的所有文件
# cd /data/mysql/data/
# ll
total 372776
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 371195904 Jun2 16:52 ibdata1
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5242880 Jun2 16:52 ib_logfile0
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5242880 Jun2 16:52 ib_logfile1
drwx------ 2 mysql root 4096 Jun2 15:37 mysql
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 11027 Jun2 16:52 mysql-bin.000001
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 19 Jun2 16:30 mysql-bin.index
srwxrwxrwx 1 mysql mysql 0 Jun2 16:30 mysql.sock
-rw-r----- 1 mysql root 3375 Jun2 16:30 nagios-client.err
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 6 Jun2 16:30 nagios-client.pid
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Jun2 15:37 performance_schema
drwx------ 2 mysql root 4096 Jun2 16:45 test
# rm -rf *
(4).具体还原步骤
a.mysql这时是无法停止的
# service mysqld stop
ERROR! MySQL server PID file could not be found!
b.查找mysql所有进程
# killall mysqld c.初始化mysql
# /usr/local/mysql/scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/usr/local/mysql/ --datadir=/data/mysql/data/ --user=mysql d.复制完全备份的数据文件到数据目录中
# cp -r /root/alldb.2015-06-02-16-56-27/ /data/mysql/data/ e.启动mysql数据库
# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL.. SUCCESS!
f.测试并查看数据
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.09 sec)
mysql> use test;
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_test |
+----------------+
| t1 |
| t2 |
+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select count(*) from t1;
+-----------+
| count(*)|
+-----------+
| 335544320 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.06 sec)
mysql> select count(*) from t2;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 41943040 |
+----------+
1 row in set (15.37 sec)
(5).总结
cp命令，对其进行的备份，速度快，还原速度几乎最快，但是灵活度很低，可以跨系统，但是跨平台能力很差，适合小型数据库备份！
2.策略二：mysqldump备份数据库（完全备份+增加备份，速度相对较慢，适合中小型数据库）（MyISAM是温备份，InnoDB是热备份）
(1).mysqldump命令详解
mysqldump --all-databases --lock-all-tables --routines --triggers --events --master-data=2 --flush-logs > /root/2013-07-22-16-20.full.sql
--all-tables #备份所有库
--lock-all-tables #为所有表加读锁
--routinge #存储过程与函数
--triggers #触发器
--events #记录事件
--master-data=2 #在备份文件中记录当前二进制日志的位置，并且为注释的，1是不注释掉在主从复制中才有意义
--flush-logs #日志滚动一次
(2).具体备份过程如下
a.查看备份前的binlog日志
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000005 | 107 | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
b.备份所有库（完全备份）
mysqldump -u root -p -h 127.0.0.1 --all-databases --lock-all-tables --master-data=2 --flush-logs >/root/full.sql c.查看备份是否成功
# ll -h /root/ |grep full
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root1.5G Jun3 09:35 full.sql
d.查看新生成的binlog日志
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000006 | 107 | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
e.插入几条新的数据
mysql> use test;
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_test |
+----------------+
| t1 |
| t2 |
+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t1 values(335544321),(335544322),(335544323);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 3Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0
f.再次查看binlog日志
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000006 | 363 | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
g.备份二进制日志（增量备份）
# cp /data/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000006 /root i.模拟数据库损坏
mysql> drop database test; #这里我们删掉test库
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.38 sec)
(3).具体还原过程如下
#首先通过全备还原test库
mysql> system ls -l /root |grep full
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root1548283305 Jun3 09:35 full.sql
mysql> system pwd
/root
mysql> source full.sql
a.查看还原结果
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.08 sec)
mysql> use test;
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_test |
+----------------+
| t1 |
| t2 |
+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
b.查看t1表最后10条数据
mysql> select * from t1 order by id desc limit 10;
+------+
| id |
+------+
| 10 |
| 10 |
| 10 |
| 10 |
| 10 |
| 10 |
| 10 |
| 10 |
| 10 |
| 10 |
+------+
10 rows in set (32.60 sec)
#从结果能看出，我们后来插入的数据没有了
c.下面恢复后来插入的数据
#通过之前备份的二进制日志文件还原
# mysqlbinlog /root/mysql-bin.000006 |mysql -u root -p -h 127.0.0.1 test
mysql> select * from t1 order by id desc limit 10;
+-----------+
| id |
+-----------+
| 335544323 |
| 335544322 |
| 335544321 |
| 10 |
| 10 |
| 10 |
| 10 |
| 10 |
| 10 |
| 10 |
+-----------+
10 rows in set (30.39 sec)
#从这里能看到数据已恢复
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