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序列类型 list tuple range
list 和 tuple
list: 列表,由 [] 标识; 有序;可改变列表元素
tuple: 元组,由 () 标识; 有序;不可改变元组元素(和list的主要区别)
list 和 tuple 的创建:
1 print([]) # 空list
2 print(["a",1,True]) # 元素类型不限
3 print([x for x in range(0,6)]) # 列表推导式
4 print(list("a"),type(list("a"))) # 强制转化
5
6 print(()) # 空tuple
7 print((1)) # 不是tuple
8 print((1,)) # 单一元素tuple 一定要加,
9 print(("a",1,True)) # 元素类型不限
10 print(tuple("a"),type(tuple("a"))) # 强制转化
空list l = []
list 用一对方括号,用','隔开里面的元素 l = [a] l = ["a",1,True] 元素类型不限
列表推导式,如:[x for x in range(0,6)] (下方会详细介绍 range 及 列表推导式)
类型转换 list()
空tuple t = ()
tuple 若只有一个元素时,注意表示为 t = (1,) 一定要有逗号
tuple 用一对圆括号,用','隔开里面多个的元素 t = ("a",1,True) 元素类型不限
类型转换 tuple()
range
range 可方便的生成一个等差的序列,有两种表示 range(stop) 、range(start, stop[, step]) ; 通常用在 for循环语句中
range(stop) 表示 0 到 stop(不包含stop) 等差为1 的数,如 range(4) 表示 0 1 2 3
range(start, stop[, step]) 表示 从 start 到 stop(不包含stop) 等差为step的数;step缺省为1,可设置为负数
1 print(type(range(4))) # range本身就是一个type
2 for i in range(4):
3 print(i) # 0 1 2 3
4 for i in range(-1): # 从0计数,无值
5 print(i)
6 for i in range(4,7): # 4 5 6
7 print(i)
8 for i in range(2,7,2): # 2 4 6
9 print(i)
10 for i in range(5,2,-1): # 5 4 3
11 print(i)
序列操作
一般操作,不改变list本身
OperationResult
x in s
True if an item of s is equal to x, else False
x not in s
False if an item of s is equal to x, else True
s + t
the concatenation of s and t
s * n or n * s
n shallow copies of s concatenated
s
ith item of s, origin 0
s[i:j]
slice of s from i to j
s[i:j:k]
slice of s from i to j with step k
len(s)
length of s
min(s)
smallest item of s
max(s)
largest item of s
s.index(x[, i[, j]])
index of the first occurrence of x in s (at or after index i and before index j)
s.count(x)
total number of occurrences of x in s
1 s = ["a",1,True,["b"],2]
2 print("a" in s) # 判断元素存在于s
3 print("a" not in s) # 判断元素不存在于s
4 print("b" in s)
5 print(1.0 in s) # 这边不判断int float类型不同
6 print("1" in s) # 这边的1为字符串
7 a = [1,2]
8 b = [2,1,0]
9 print(a+b) # 序列相加
10 print(a*3) # 序列乘法
11 s = [0,1.0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
12 print(s[0],s[2],s[3]) # 通过下标来取出对应的元素
13 print(type(s[0]))
14 print(type(s[1]))
15 print(s[2:4]) # 取出一段list
16 print(s[2:7:2]) # 根据步长取出一段list
17 print(len(s)) # list长度,即包含几个元素
18 sum = 0
19 for i in range(0,len(s)): # 使用for循环来取出list的每个元素
20 print(s)
21 sum += i # 赋值的简单表达式,相当于 sum = sum + i
22 print(sum) # 总和
23 print(min(s),max(s)) # 取最小/最大;注意元素类型间若不可比较,会报错
24 s = [2,3,1,2,2,3]
25 print(s.index(2)) # 查找对应元素第一次出现的下标
26 # print(s.index(4)) # 不存在该元素会报错
27 print(s.index(2,3)) # 从下标为3的开始找起
28 print(s.index(2,3,4)) # 从下标为3到下标4的阶段内找
29 print(s.count(2)) # 输出为2的元素的个数
30 print(s.count("2")) # 找不到匹配元素,返回0
上方列出的操作方法对 tuple 也都适用,因为并不改变序列本身的元素,如
1 s = (2,3,1,2,2,3)
2 print(s[2],s[2:4],len(s),s.count(2)) # 对tuple均适用
改变序列的操作:仅对 list 适用;若对 tuple 操作,会报错;clear() 和 copy() 是 Python 3.3 才新增的方法
OperationResult
s = x
item i of s is replaced by x
s[i:j] = t
slice of s from i to j is replaced by the contents of the iterable t
s[i:j:k] = t
the elements of s[i:j:k] are replaced by those of t
del s[i:j]
same as s[i:j] = []
del s[i:j:k]
removes the elements of s[i:j:k] from the list
s.pop()
retrieves the item at i and also removes it from s
s.remove(x)
remove the first item from s where s == x
s.clear()
removes all items from s (same as del s[:])
s.append(x)
appends x to the end of the sequence (same as s[len(s):len(s)] = [x])
s.extend(t)
extends s with the contents of t (same as s[len(s):len(s)] = t)
s.insert(i, x)
inserts x into s at the index given by i (same as s[i:i] = [x])
s.copy()
creates a shallow copy of s (same as s[:])
s.reverse()
reverses the items of s in place
list的增、删、改的操作实际都比较实用,需要熟练掌握
list元素更改
可对 list 不同的下标表示法做以下操作,一般 list 下标的操作仅作对单一元素的更改赋值,如 s[0]=1 ;对多个元素的操作见下方示例(仅供参考)
1 s = [0,1,2,3]
2 s[0] = "1"
3 print(s) # 对list的某一元素赋另外的值,类型也跟随改变
4 s[4] = 1 # 不可超过原list的长度,会报错
5 s[0:3] = [2,3,4] # 可对一段元素赋另外的值
6 print(s)
7 s[0:3] = ["x","x"] # 可缺少,元素个数也就相应的减少了
8 print(s)
9 s[0:2] = ["x","x","x","x"] # 可增加,元素个数也就相应的减加了
10 print(s)
11 s[0] = [0,0] # 单个元素注意,相当于赋值,把序列赋予该元素
12 print(s)
13 s[1:2] = [0,0]
14 print(s)
15 s = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
16 s[1:8:2] = ["x"]*4
17 # s[1:8:2] = ["x"]*3 # 这种表示方式元素个数一定需要相同,不然会报错
18 print(s)
list operation list元素删除
1 s = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
2 del s[0:4] # 删除对应的元素
3 print(s)
4 s = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
5 del s[1:8:2] # 做删除
6 print(s)
7 s = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
8 s.pop(3)
9 print(s.pop(3),s) # 做删除,并且返回该元素的值
10 print(s.pop(),s) # 默认删除最后一个
11 s = [2,"1",1.0,1,2,1]
12 s.remove(1) # 删除第一个值为 1 的元素
13 print(s)
14 s.clear() # 置空,Python3.3引入
15 print(s)
list元素增加
1 s = [0,1,2,3,4]
2 s.append(5) # list 最后加一个元素
3 print(s)
4 s.extend([6,7]) # list 最后拼接序列
5 print(s)
6 s.extend(range(3))
7 print(s)
8 s.insert(1,["x"]) # 在1的位置插入["x"]
9 print(s)
其他操作,reverse、copy 等
1 s = [1,2,3]
2 c = s.copy() # 相当于 c = s
3 print(c)
4 c.reverse()
5 print(c)
6 s = [2,3,1,4]
7 s.sort() # 排序
8 print(s)
9 # s = ["b",1,"a",True] # 报错,必须是可比较的类型
10 s = ["b","a"]
11 s.sort()
12 print(s)
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