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多重装饰器,即多个装饰器修饰同一个对象【实际上并非完全如此,且看下文详解】
1.装饰器无参数:
1 >>> def first(func):
2 print '%s() was post to first()'%func.func_name
3 def _first(*args,**kw):
4 print 'Call the function %s() in _first().'%func.func_name
5 return func(*args,**kw)
6 return _first
7
8
9 >>> def second(func):
10 print '%s() was post to second()'%func.func_name
11 def _second(*args,**kw):
12 print 'Call the function %s() in _second().'%func.func_name
13 return func(*args,**kw)
14 return _second
15
16
17 >>> @first
18 @second
19 def test():return 'hello world'
20
21 test() was post to second()
22 _second() was post to first()
23 >>> test()
24 Call the function _second() in _first().
25 Call the function test() in _second().
26 'hello world'
27 >>>
实际上它是相当于下面的代码:
1 >>> def test():
2 return 'hello world'
3
4 >>> test=second(test)
5 test() was post to second()
6 >>> test
7 <function _second at 0x000000000316D3C8>
8 >>> test=first(test)
9 _second() was post to first()
10 >>> test
11 <function _first at 0x000000000316D358>
12 >>> test()
13 Call the function _second() in _first().
14 Call the function test() in _second().
15 'hello world'
16 >>>
2.装饰器有参数:
1 >>> def first(printResult=False):
2 def _first(func):
3 print '%s() was post to _first()'%func.func_name
4 def __first(*args,**kw):
5 print 'Call the function %s() in __first().'%\
6 func.func_name
7 if printResult:
8 print func(*args,**kw),'#print in __first().'
9 else:
10 return func(*args,**kw)
11 return __first
12 return _first
13
14 >>> def second(printResult=False):
15 def _second(func):
16 print '%s() was post to _second()'%func.func_name
17 def __second(*args,**kw):
18 print 'Call the function %s() in __second().'%\
19 func.func_name
20 if printResult:
21 print func(*args,**kw),'#print in __second().'
22 else:
23 return func(*args,**kw)
24 return __second
25 return _second
26
27 >>> @first(True)
28 @second(True)
29 def test():
30 return 'hello world'
31
32 test() was post to _second()
33 __second() was post to _first()
34 >>> test()
35 Call the function __second() in __first().
36 Call the function test() in __second().
37 hello world #print in __second().
38 None #print in __first().
39 >>>
如上,第35行输出后调用__second(),而__second()中又调用了test()并print test(),而后返回__first()中继续执行print,而这个print语句print的内容是__second()返回的None
它等同于:
>>> def test():
return 'hello world'
>>> test=second(True)(test)
test() was post to _second()
>>>
>>> test
<function __second at 0x000000000316D2E8>
>>> test=first(True)(test)
__second() was post to _first()
>>> test
<function __first at 0x0000000003344C18>
>>>
3.多重装饰器的应用:
比如你是项目经理,你要求每一个代码块都必须有参数检查ArgsType和责任检查ResponsibilityRegister,这样就需要两个装饰器对此代码块进行监督。
#coding=utf-8
import os,sys,re
from collections import OrderedDict
def ArgsType(*argTypes,**kwTypes):
u'''ArgsType(*argTypes,**kwTypes)
options=[('opt_UseTypeOfDefaultValue',False)]
以下为本函数相关的开关,并非类型检验相关的关键字参数,所有options:
opt_UseTypeOfDefaultValue=>bool:False,为True时,将对没有指定类型的带默
认值的参数使用其默认值的类型
'''
def _ArgsType(func):
#确定所有的parameter name
argNames=func.func_code.co_varnames[:func.func_code.co_argcount]
#确定所有的default parameter
defaults=func.func_defaults
if defaults:
defaults=dict(zip(argNames[-len(defaults):],defaults))
else:defaults=None
#将“参数类型关键字参数”中的所有“options关键字参数”提出
options=dict()
for option,default in [('opt_UseTypeOfDefaultValue',False)]:
options[option]=kwTypes.pop(option,default)
#argTypes和kwTypes的总长度应该与argNames一致
if len(argTypes)+len(kwTypes)>len(argNames):
raise Exception('Too much types to check %s().'%func.func_name)
#所有kwTypes中的键不能覆盖在argTypes中已经占用的names
if not set(argNames[len(argTypes):]).issuperset(
set(kwTypes.keys())):
raise Exception('There is some key in kwTypes '+
'which is not in argNames.')
#确定所有的参数应该有的types
types=OrderedDict()
for name in argNames:types[name]=None
if len(argTypes):
for i in range(len(argTypes)):
name=argNames
types[name]=argTypes
else:
for name,t in kwTypes.items():
types[name]=t
if len(kwTypes):
for name,t in kwTypes.items():
types[name]=t
#关于default parameter的type
if options['opt_UseTypeOfDefaultValue']:
for k,v in defaults.items():
#如果default parameter的type没有另外指定,那么就使用
#default parameter的default value的type
if types[k]==None:
types[k]=type(v)
def __ArgsType(*args,**kw):
#order the args
Args=OrderedDict()
#init keys
for name in argNames:Args[name]=None
#init default values
if defaults is not None:
for k,v in defaults.items():
Args[k]=v
#fill in all args
for i in range(len(args)):
Args[argNames]=args
#fill in all keyword args
for k,v in kw.items():
Args[k]=v
#check if there is some None in the values
if defaults==None:
for k in Args:
if Args[k]==None:
if defaults==None:
raise Exception(('%s() needs %r parameter, '+
'which was not given')%(func.func_name,k))
else:
if not defaults.has_key(k):
raise Exception(('Parameter %r of %s() is'+
' not a default parameter')%\
(k,func.func_name))
#check all types
for k in Args:
if not isinstance(Args[k],types[k]):
raise TypeError(('Parameter %r of %s() must be '+
'a %r object, but you post: %r')%\
(k,func.func_name,types[k],Args[k]))
return func(*args,**kw)
return __ArgsType
return _ArgsType
def ResponsibilityRegister(author):
def _ResponsibilityRegister(func):
def __ResponsibilityRegister(*args,**kw):
try:
return func(*args,**kw)
except Exception as e:
print ("Something is wrong, It's %s's responsibility."%\
author).center(80,'*')
raise e
return __ResponsibilityRegister
return _ResponsibilityRegister
@ResponsibilityRegister('Kate')
@ArgsType(str,int)
def left(Str,Len=1):
return Str[:Len]
print 'Good calling:'
print left('hello world',8)
print 'Bad calling:'
print left(3,7)
这里没有文档,所以调用者不知道,使用了错误的调用,导致出错,这是Kate的责任。
像上面这种,对代码有两种互不相干的检验时,就可以使用多重装饰器。
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