Ubuntu 16.04安装Intel显卡驱动（解决Intel HD Graphics 630显卡驱动问题）

yiwai

　　一般Ubuntu都默认包含了Intel显卡的驱动，如果没有，那么先确定是不是显卡太高，比如I7第7代的CPU核显在Ubuntu 16.04中是没有的，导致画面会很卡，原因是Linux 4.4内核不包含Intel HD Graphics 630驱动，解决方法只能是在Ubuntu 16.04中升级Linux内核为4.7的。
　　以下是两种解决方法：
　　一、一般Intel显卡驱动安装及升级
　　下载intel-graphics-update-tool进行安装，中途会出现依赖问题：



wget https://download.01.org/gfx/ubuntu/16.04/main/pool/main/i/intel-graphics-update-tool/intel-graphics-update-tool_2.0.2_amd64.deb
sudo dpkg -i intel-graphics-update-tool_2.0.2_amd64.deb
sudo intel-graphics-update-tool
sudo apt-get install -f
sudo intel-graphics-update-tool
wget $(echo "https://download".01.org/gfx/RPM-GPG-GROUP-KEY-ilg) -O - | sudo apt-key add -
sudo apt-get update
　　然后运行sudo intel-graphics-update-tool会出现如下错误提示：



W:GPG error: https://download.01.org/gfx/ubuntu/16.04/main xenial InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 56A3DEF863961D39, W:The repository 'https://download.01.org/gfx/ubuntu/16.04/main xenial InRelease' is not signed., W:Data from such a repository can't be authenticated and is therefore potentially dangerous to use., W:See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details., W:There is no public key available for the following key IDs:
56A3DEF863961D39  , E:Problem executing scripts APT::Update::Post-Invoke-Success 'if /usr/bin/test -w /var/cache/app-info -a -e /usr/bin/appstreamcli; then appstreamcli refresh > /dev/null; fi', E:Sub-process returned an error code
　　解决方法是添加两个签名：



wget --no-check-certificate https://download.01.org/gfx/RPM-GPG-KEY-ilg -O - | sudo apt-key add -
wget --no-check-certificate https://download.01.org/gfx/RPM-GPG-KEY-ilg-4 -O - | sudo apt-key add -
　　然后运行sudo intel-graphics-update-tool会出现如下错误提示：



W:https://download.01.org/gfx/ubuntu/16.04/main/dists/xenial/InRelease: Signature by key 09D6EF97BFB38E916EF060E756A3DEF863961D39 uses weak digest algorithm (SHA1), E:Problem executing scripts APT::Update::Post-Invoke-Success 'if /usr/bin/test -w /var/cache/app-info -a -e /usr/bin/appstreamcli; then appstreamcli refresh > /dev/null; fi', E:Sub-process returned an error code
　　解决方法：



sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 09D6EF97BFB38E916EF060E756A3DEF863961D39
sudo apt-get update
sudo pkill -KILL appstreamcli
wget -P /tmp https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+archive/primary/+files/appstream_0.9.4-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+archive/primary/+files/libappstream3_0.9.4-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb
sudo dpkg -i /tmp/appstream_0.9.4-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb /tmp/libappstream3_0.9.4-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb
sudo apt-get update
　　然后运行sudo intel-graphics-update-tool会出现如下错误提示：



Error running transaction: GDBus.Error:org.debian.apt.TransactionFailed: error-dep-resolution-failed: The following packages have unmet dependencies:
libgles1-mesa: Depends: libglapi-mesa (= 12.0.6-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) but 17.0.7-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 is to be installed
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
libgles1-mesa: Depends: libglapi-mesa (= 12.0.6-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) but 17.0.7-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 is to be installed
　　解决方法：



sudo add-apt-repository ppa:paulo-miguel-dias/pkppa && sudo apt-get update
　　然后运行sudo intel-graphics-update-tool后基本正常安装了。
　　但是以上方式即使全部安装之后都不能解决Intel HD Graphics 630显卡的驱动。
　　参考：
　　https://www.vivaolinux.com.br/topico/UbuntuBR/ERRO-NO-APT-GET-UPDATE-11
　　http://www.cnblogs.com/EasonJim/p/7343892.html
　　https://askubuntu.com/questions/943647/intel-graphic-installer-2-0-2-fails-on-fresh-ubuntu-16-04
　　https://01.org/linuxgraphics/forum/graphics-installer-discussions/new-ubuntu-16.04-packages-use-unknown-key-again?page=1
　　二、解决Intel HD Graphics 630显卡驱动问题
　　升级4.7的内核，步骤如下：
　　下载脚本：



https://software.intel.com/en-us/forums/opencl/topic/738108
　　使用：



mv install_OCL_driver.txt install_OCL_driver.sh
chmod 755 install_OCL_driver.sh
sudo su
./install_OCL_driver.sh install
　　完成后的提示信息：



...
Installation completed successfully.
Next steps:
1. Add OpenCL users to the video group: 'sudo usermod -a -G video USERNAME'
e.g. if the user running OpenCL host applications is foo, run: sudo usermod -a -G video foo
2. If you have Intel Pentium J4000 or Intel Celeron J3000, you will need to add:
i915.preliminary_hw_support=1
to the 4.7 kernel command line, in order to enable OpenCL functionality for these platforms.
3. Reboot into the patched 4.7 kernel
HINT: to boot into the 4.7 kernel do the following:
1) Hold the "shift" button during boot
2) When the GRUB menu appears, select "Advanced options for Ubuntu"
3) Select the Linux 4.7.0.intel.r5.0 kernel from the list
　　重启后即可。
　　如果中途出现APT的错误，参考：http://www.cnblogs.com/EasonJim/p/7343892.html
　　离线文件：
　　链接: https://pan.baidu.com/s/1qXW2k5A 密码: 2rj2