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源地址 http://www.cnblogs.com/hukey/p/5660538.html
一、基础知识：
1. 简介
ansible基于python开发，集合了众多运维工具的优点，实现了批量系统配置、批量程序部署、批量运行命令等功能。ansible是基于模块工作的，本身没有批量部署的能力。
真正具有批量部署的是ansible运行的模块，ansible只是一个框架
(1) 连接插件connection plugins: 负责和被监控端实现通信；
(2) host inventory: 指定操作的主机，是一个配置文件里面定义监控的主机
(3) 各种模块核心模块、command模块、自定义模块；
(4) 借助于插件完成记录日志邮件等功能；
(5) playbook: 剧本执行多个任务时，非必须可以让节点一次性运行多个任务。
2、特性：
(1) no agents: 不需要在被管理主机上安装任务agent
(2) no server: 无服务器端，使用时，直接运行命令即可
(3) modules in any languages: 基于模块工作，可使用任意语言开发模块
(4) yaml not code：使用yaml语言定制剧本playbook
(5) ssh by default：基于SSH工作
(6) strong multi-tier solution: 可实现多级指挥
3、优点：
(1) 轻量级，无需在客户端安装agent，更新时，只需要在操作机上进行一次更新即可；
(2) 批量任务可以写成脚本，而且不用分发到远程就可以执行
(3) 使用python编写，维护简单
(4) 支持sudo
二、ansible安装
1.1 rpm包安装
epel源：
[epel]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - $basearch
baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/$basearch
#mirrorlist=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-6&arch=$basearch
failovermethod=priority
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6
[epel-debuginfo]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - $basearch - Debug
baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/$basearch/debug
#mirrorlist=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-debug-6&arch=$basearch
failovermethod=priority
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6
gpgcheck=0
[epel-source]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - $basearch - Source
baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/SRPMS
#mirrorlist=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-source-6&arch=$basearch
failovermethod=priority
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6
gpgcheck=0
[root@localhost ~]# yum install ansible -y
三、常用模块介绍
copy模块
目的：把主控本地文件拷贝到远程节点上
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.118.14 -m copy -a "src=/root/bigfile dest=/tmp"
192.168.118.14 | SUCCESS => { "changed": true,
"checksum": "8c206a1a87599f532ce68675536f0b1546900d7a",
"dest": "/tmp/bigfile",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "f1c9645dbc14efddc7d8a322685f26eb",
"mode": "0644",
"owner": "root",
"size": 10485760,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1467946691.02-193284383894106/source",
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
file模块
目的：更改指定节点上文件的权限、属主和属组
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.118.14 -m file -a "dest=/tmp/bigfile mode=777 owner=root group=root"
192.168.118.14 | SUCCESS => { "changed": true,
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"mode": "0777",
"owner": "root",
"path": "/tmp/bigfile",
"size": 10485760,
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
cron模块
目的：在指定节点上定义一个计划任务，每三分钟执行一次。
[root@localhost ~]# ansible all -m cron -a 'name="Cron job" minute=*/3 hour=* day=* month=* weekday=* job="/usr/bin/ntpdate tiger.sina.com.cn"'
192.168.118.14 | SUCCESS => { "changed": true,
"envs": [],
"jobs": [ "Cron job"
]
} 192.168.118.13 | SUCCESS => { "changed": true,
"envs": [],
"jobs": [ "Cron job"
]
}
group模块
目的：在远程节点上创建一个组名为ansible，gid为2016的组
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.118.14 -m group -a "name=ansible gid=2016"
192.168.118.14 | SUCCESS => { "changed": true,
"gid": 2016,
"name": "ansible",
"state": "present",
"system": false
}
user模块
目的：在指定节点上创建一个用户名为ansible，组为ansible的用户
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.118.14 -m user -a "name=ansible uid=2016 group=ansible state=present"
192.168.118.14 | SUCCESS => { "changed": true,
"comment": "",
"createhome": true,
"group": 2016,
"home": "/home/ansible",
"name": "ansible",
"shell": "/bin/bash",
"state": "present",
"system": false,
"uid": 2016
}
删除远端节点用户，注意：删除远程用户，但是不会删除该用户的家目录
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.118.14 -m user -a "name=ansible state=absent"
192.168.118.14 | SUCCESS => { "changed": true,
"force": false,
"name": "ansible",
"remove": false,
"state": "absent"
}
yum 模块
目的：在远程节点安装vsftpd
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.118.14 -m yum -a 'name=vsftpd state=present'
192.168.118.14 | SUCCESS => { "changed": true,
"msg": "",
"rc": 0,
"results": [ "Loaded plugins: fastestmirror\nSetting up Install Process\nLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile\nResolving Dependencies\n--> Running transaction check\n---> Package vsftpd.x86_64 0:2.2.2-14.el6 will be installed\n--> Finished Dependency Resolution\n\nDependencies Resolved\n\n================================================================================\n Package Arch Version Repository Size\n================================================================================\nInstalling:\n vsftpd x86_64 2.2.2-14.el6 yum 152 k\n\nTransaction Summary\n================================================================================\nInstall 1 Package(s)\n\nTotal download size: 152 k\nInstalled size: 332 k\nDownloading Packages:\nRunning rpm_check_debug\nRunning Transaction Test\nTransaction Test Succeeded\nRunning Transaction\n\r Installing : vsftpd-2.2.2-14.el6.x86_64 1/1 \n\r Verifying : vsftpd-2.2.2-14.el6.x86_64 1/1 \n\nInstalled:\n vsftpd.x86_64 0:2.2.2-14.el6 \n\nComplete!\n"
]
}
卸载写法：
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.118.14 -m yum -a 'name=vsftpd state=removed'
192.168.118.14 | SUCCESS => { "changed": true,
"msg": "",
"rc": 0,
"results": [ "Loaded plugins: fastestmirror\nSetting up Remove Process\nResolving Dependencies\n--> Running transaction check\n---> Package vsftpd.x86_64 0:2.2.2-14.el6 will be erased\n--> Finished Dependency Resolution\n\nDependencies Resolved\n\n================================================================================\n Package Arch Version Repository Size\n================================================================================\nRemoving:\n vsftpd x86_64 2.2.2-14.el6 @yum 332 k\n\nTransaction Summary\n================================================================================\nRemove 1 Package(s)\n\nInstalled size: 332 k\nDownloading Packages:\nRunning rpm_check_debug\nRunning Transaction Test\nTransaction Test Succeeded\nRunning Transaction\n\r Erasing : vsftpd-2.2.2-14.el6.x86_64 1/1 \n\r Verifying : vsftpd-2.2.2-14.el6.x86_64 1/1 \n\nRemoved:\n vsftpd.x86_64 0:2.2.2-14.el6 \n\nComplete!\n"
]
}
service模块
启动
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.118.14 -m service -a 'name=vsftpd state=started enabled=yes'
192.168.118.14 | SUCCESS => { "changed": true,
"enabled": true,
"name": "vsftpd",
"state": "started"
}
停止
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.118.14 -m service -a 'name=vsftpd state=stopped enabled=yes'
192.168.118.14 | SUCCESS => { "changed": true,
"enabled": true,
"name": "vsftpd",
"state": "stopped"
}
ping模块
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.118.14 -m ping 192.168.118.14 | SUCCESS => { "changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
command模块
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.118.14 [-m command] -a 'w' # -m command可以省略就表示使用命名模块 192.168.118.14 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >> 14:00:32 up 3:51, 2 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
root pts/0 192.168.118.69 18:09 3:29 0.12s 0.12s -bash
root pts/1 192.168.118.13 14:00 0.00s 0.04s 0.00s /bin/sh -c LANG
raw模块
主要的用途是在command中添加管道符号
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.118.14 -m raw -a 'hostname | tee'
192.168.118.14 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
localhost.localdomain
get_url模块
目的：将http://192.168.118.14/1.png 下载到本地
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.118.14 -m get_url -a 'url=http://192.168.118.14/1.png dest=/tmp'
192.168.118.14 | SUCCESS => { "changed": true,
"checksum_dest": null,
"checksum_src": "ba5cb18463ecfa13cdc0b611c9c10875275d883e",
"dest": "/tmp/1.png",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "8c0df0b008eb5735dc955171d6d9dd73",
"mode": "0644",
"msg": "OK (14987 bytes)",
"owner": "root",
"size": 14987,
"src": "/tmp/tmpY2lqHF",
"state": "file",
"uid": 0,
"url": "http://192.168.118.14/1.png"
}
synchronize模块
目的：将主空方目录推送到指定节点/tmp目录下
[root@localhost ~]# ansible 192.168.118.14 -m synchronize -a 'src=/root/test dest=/tmp/ compress=yes'
192.168.118.14 | SUCCESS => { "changed": true,
"cmd": "/usr/bin/rsync --delay-updates -F --compress --archive --rsh 'ssh -S none -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no' --out-format='<<CHANGED>>%i %n%L' \"/root/test\" \"192.168.118.14:/tmp/\"",
"msg": ".d..t...... test/\n<f+++++++++ test/abc\n",
"rc": 0,
"stdout_lines": [ ".d..t...... test/",
"<f+++++++++ test/abc"
]
}
四、ansible playbooks
4.1 http安装：
- hosts: web
vars:
http_port: 80
max_clients: 256
remote_user: root
tasks: - name: ensure apache is at the latest version
yum: name=httpd state=latest - name: ensure apache is running
service: name=httpd state=started
4.2 mysql安装
- hosts: 192.168.118.14
vars:
remote_user: root
max_clients: 256
mysql_name: "mysql-server"
tasks: - name: ensure install mysql
yum: name="`mysql_name`" state=present - name: ensure apache is running
service: name=mysqld state=started
1. handlers
用于当关注的资源发生变化时采取一定的操作.
“notify”这个action可用于在每个play的最后被触发，这样可以避免多次有改变发生时每次都执行指定的操作，取而代之，仅在所有的变化发生完成后一次性地执行指定操作。在notify中列出的操作称为handler，也即notify中调用handler中定义的操作。
1 - hosts: web 2 remote_user: root 3 tasks: 4 - name: install apache 5 yum: name=httpd 6 - name: install config 7 copy: src=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf 8 notify: 9 - restart httpd # 这触发 restart httpd 动作 10 - name: start httpd 11 service: name=httpd state=started 12 handlers: 13 - name: restart httpd 14 service: name=httpd state=restarted
注意：测试使用ansible2.1版本，每执行一次如上脚本，- name: start httpd都会执行一次，因此可以不用使用handlers
2. 调用setup模块中的变量
1 - hosts: web 2 remote_user: root 3 tasks: 4 - name: copy file 5 copy: content="`ansible_all_ipv4_addresses`" dest=/tmp/a.txt 3. when 条件判断
1 - hosts: all 2 remote_user: root 3 vars: 4 - username: test 5 tasks: 6 - name: create {{ username }} user. 7 user: name={{ username }} 8 when: ansible_fqdn == "localhost.localdomain" # 当条件匹配到，才会创建test用户
4. 使用with_items进行迭代
1 - hosts: web 2 remote_user: root 3 tasks: 4 - name: yum install packages 5 yum: name={{ item.name }} state=present 6 with_items: 7 - { name: 'mysql-server' } 8 - { name: 'vsftpd' }
5. template 使用
使用场景： 当多个服务修改的参数不一致时。
拷贝/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf到指定目录，修改Listen使用变量
Listen ` http_port `
在ansible hosts中定义变量
14 [web]
15 192.168.2.12 http_port=8000
剧本写法：
8 - name: install config
9 template: src=/root/temp/`http_name`.j2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf # 使用template模块
[root@ansible ~]# cat httpd.yml
- hosts: all
remote_user: root
tasks: - name: install http
yum: name=httpd state=present - name: copy file
template: src=/root/httpd.j2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
notify: - restart httpd - name: restart httpd
service: name=httpd state=started
handlers: - name: restart httpd
service: name=httpd state=restarted
[web]192.168.118.14 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456 ansible_ssh_port=22 http_port=8888 maxClients=50[myhost]192.168.118.49 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456 ansible_ssh_port=22 http_port=9999 maxClients=100 6. tag的使用
使用场景：当一个playbook只需要执行某一个步骤的时候定义
剧本写法
9 template: src=/root/temp/`http_name`.j2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf 10 tags: 11 - conf 7. roles的用法：
mkdir -pv ansible_playbooks/roles/web/{templates,files,vars,tasks,meta,handlers}
cp -a /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf files/
vim tasks/main.yml 1 - name: install httpd 2 yum: name=httpd 3 - name: install configuration file 4 copy: src=httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf 5 tags: 6 - conf 7 notify: 8 - restart httpd 9 - name: start httpd 10 service: name=httpd state=started
vim handlers/main.yml 1 - name: restart httpd 2 service: name=httpd state=restarted
[root@server1 ansible_playbooks]# ls
roles site.yml
[root@server1 ansible_playbooks]# vim site.yml 1 - hosts: web 2 remote_user: root 3 roles: 4 - web
[root@server1 ansible_playbooks]ansible-playbook site.yml
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