对于python中的self,cls,decorator的理解
1. self, cls 不是关键字在python里面,self, cls 不是关键字,完全可以使用自己写的任意变量代替实现一样的效果
代码1
Python代码 http://eplussoft.javaeye.com/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/clipboard_new.swf?clipboard=class%20MyTest%3A%0A%20%20%20%20myname%20%3D%20
[*]class MyTest:
[*] myname = 'peter'
[*] def sayhello(hello):
[*] print "say hello to %s" % hello.myname
[*]
[*]if __name__ == "__main__":
[*] MyTest().sayhello()
class MyTest: myname = 'peter' def sayhello(hello): print "say hello to %s" % hello.mynameif __name__ == "__main__": MyTest().sayhello() 代码1中, 用hello代替掉了self, 得到的是一样的效果,也可以替换成java中常用的this.
结论 : self和cls只是python中约定的写法,本质上只是一个函数参数而已,没有特别含义。
任何对象调用方法都会把把自己作为该方法中的第一个参数,传递到函数中。(因为在python中万物都是对象,所以当我们使用Class.method()的时候,实际上的第一个参数是我们约定的cls)
2. 类的定义可以动态修改
代码2
Java代码 http://eplussoft.javaeye.com/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/clipboard_new.swf?clipboard=class%20MyTest%3A%0A%20%20%20%20myname%20%3D%20
[*]class MyTest:
[*] myname = 'peter'
[*] def sayhello(self):
[*] print "say hello to %s" % self.myname
[*]
[*]if __name__ == "__main__":
[*] MyTest.myname = 'hone'
[*] MyTest.sayhello = lambda self,name: "I want say hello to %s" % name
[*] MyTest.saygoodbye = lambda self,name: "I do not want say goodbye to %s" % name
[*] print MyTest().sayhello(MyTest.myname)
[*] print MyTest().saygoodbye(MyTest.myname)
class MyTest: myname = 'peter' def sayhello(self): print "say hello to %s" % self.mynameif __name__ == "__main__": MyTest.myname = 'hone' MyTest.sayhello = lambda self,name: "I want say hello to %s" % name MyTest.saygoodbye = lambda self,name: "I do not want say goodbye to %s" % name print MyTest().sayhello(MyTest.myname) print MyTest().saygoodbye(MyTest.myname) 这里修改了MyTest类中的变量和函数定义, 实例化的instance有了不同的行为特征。
3. decorator
decorator是一个函数, 接收一个函数作为参数, 返回值是一个函数
代码3
Python代码 http://eplussoft.javaeye.com/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/clipboard_new.swf?clipboard=def%20enhanced(meth)%3A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20new(self%2C%20y)%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20print%20%22I%20am%20enhanced%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20meth(self%2C%20y)%0A%20%20%20%20return%20new%0Aclass%20C%3A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20bar(self%2C%20x)%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20print%20%22some%20method%20says%3A%22%2C%20x%0A%20%20%20%20bar%20%3D%20enhanced(bar)%0A
[*]def enhanced(meth):
[*] def new(self, y):
[*] print "I am enhanced"
[*] return meth(self, y)
[*] return new
[*]class C:
[*] def bar(self, x):
[*] print "some method says:", x
[*] bar = enhanced(bar)
def enhanced(meth): def new(self, y): print "I am enhanced" return meth(self, y) return new class C: def bar(self, x): print "some method says:", x bar = enhanced(bar) 上面是一个比较典型的应用
以常用的@classmethod为例
正常的使用方法是
代码4
Python代码 http://eplussoft.javaeye.com/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/clipboard_new.swf?clipboard=class%20C%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%40classmethod%0A%20%20%20%20def%20foo(cls%2C%20y)%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20print%20%22classmethod%22%2C%20cls%2C%20y%0A
[*]class C:
[*] @classmethod
[*] def foo(cls, y):
[*] print "classmethod", cls, y
class C: @classmethod def foo(cls, y): print "classmethod", cls, y 这里有个疑惑的地方,不是很明白: 如果一个方法没有使用@classmethod, 那么用Class.method()的方式,是会报错的。但是@classmethod是个decorator, 那么它返回的也是一个函数,为什么这样就可以直接被Class调用了呢?
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