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Python装饰器,分两部分,一是装饰器本身的定义,一是被装饰器对象的定义。
一、函数式装饰器:装饰器本身是一个函数。
1.装饰函数:被装饰对象是一个函数
[1]装饰器无参数:
a.被装饰对象无参数:
1 >>> def test(func):
2 def _test():
3 print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
4 return func()
5 return _test
6
7 >>> @test
8 def say():return 'hello world'
9
10 >>> say()
11 Call the function say().
12 'hello world'
13 >>>
b.被装饰对象有参数:
1 >>> def test(func):
2 def _test(*args,**kw):
3 print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
4 return func(*args,**kw)
5 return _test
6
7 >>> @test
8 def left(Str,Len):
9 #The parameters of _test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
10 return Str[:Len]
11
12 >>> left('hello world',5)
13 Call the function left().
14 'hello'
15 >>>
[2]装饰器有参数:
a.被装饰对象无参数:
1 >>> def test(printResult=False):
2 def _test(func):
3 def __test():
4 print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
5 if printResult:
6 print func()
7 else:
8 return func()
9 return __test
10 return _test
11
12 >>> @test(True)
13 def say():return 'hello world'
14
15 >>> say()
16 Call the function say().
17 hello world
18 >>> @test(False)
19 def say():return 'hello world'
20
21 >>> say()
22 Call the function say().
23 'hello world'
24 >>> @test()
25 def say():return 'hello world'
26
27 >>> say()
28 Call the function say().
29 'hello world'
30 >>> @test
31 def say():return 'hello world'
32
33 >>> say()
34
35 Traceback (most recent call last):
36 File "<pyshell#224>", line 1, in <module>
37 say()
38 TypeError: _test() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)
39 >>>
由上面这段代码中的最后两个例子可知:当装饰器有参数时,即使你启用装饰器的默认参数,不另外传递新值进去,也必须有一对括号,否则编译器会直接将func传递给test(),而不是传递给_test()
b.被装饰对象有参数:
1 >>> def test(printResult=False):
2 def _test(func):
3 def __test(*args,**kw):
4 print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
5 if printResult:
6 print func(*args,**kw)
7 else:
8 return func(*args,**kw)
9 return __test
10 return _test
11
12 >>> @test()
13 def left(Str,Len):
14 #The parameters of __test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
15 return Str[:Len]
16
17 >>> left('hello world',5)
18 Call the function left().
19 'hello'
20 >>> @test(True)
21 def left(Str,Len):
22 #The parameters of __test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
23 return Str[:Len]
24
25 >>> left('hello world',5)
26 Call the function left().
27 hello
28 >>>
2.装饰类:被装饰的对象是一个类
[1]装饰器无参数:
a.被装饰对象无参数:
1 >>> def test(cls):
2 def _test():
3 clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
4 print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
5 return cls()
6 return _test
7
8 >>> @test
9 class sy(object):
10 value=32
11
12
13 >>> s=sy()
14 Call sy.__init().
15 >>> s
16 <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000002C3E390>
17 >>> s.value
18 32
19 >>>
b.被装饰对象有参数:
1 >>> def test(cls):
2 def _test(*args,**kw):
3 clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
4 print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
5 return cls(*args,**kw)
6 return _test
7
8 >>> @test
9 class sy(object):
10 def __init__(self,value):
11 #The parameters of _test can be '(value)' in this case.
12 self.value=value
13
14
15 >>> s=sy('hello world')
16 Call sy.__init().
17 >>> s
18 <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AF7748>
19 >>> s.value
20 'hello world'
21 >>>
[2]装饰器有参数:
a.被装饰对象无参数:
1 >>> def test(printValue=True):
2 def _test(cls):
3 def __test():
4 clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
5 print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
6 obj=cls()
7 if printValue:
8 print 'value = %r'%obj.value
9 return obj
10 return __test
11 return _test
12
13 >>> @test()
14 class sy(object):
15 def __init__(self):
16 self.value=32
17
18
19 >>> s=sy()
20 Call sy.__init().
21 value = 32
22 >>> @test(False)
23 class sy(object):
24 def __init__(self):
25 self.value=32
26
27
28 >>> s=sy()
29 Call sy.__init().
30 >>>
b.被装饰对象有参数:
1 >>> def test(printValue=True):
2 def _test(cls):
3 def __test(*args,**kw):
4 clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
5 print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
6 obj=cls(*args,**kw)
7 if printValue:
8 print 'value = %r'%obj.value
9 return obj
10 return __test
11 return _test
12
13 >>> @test()
14 class sy(object):
15 def __init__(self,value):
16 self.value=value
17
18
19 >>> s=sy('hello world')
20 Call sy.__init().
21 value = 'hello world'
22 >>> @test(False)
23 class sy(object):
24 def __init__(self,value):
25 self.value=value
26
27
28 >>> s=sy('hello world')
29 Call sy.__init().
30 >>>
二、类式装饰器:装饰器本身是一个类,借用__init__()和__call__()来实现职能
1.装饰函数:被装饰对象是一个函数
[1]装饰器无参数:
a.被装饰对象无参数:
1 >>> class test(object):
2 def __init__(self,func):
3 self._func=func
4 def __call__(self):
5 return self._func()
6
7
8 >>> @test
9 def say():
10 return 'hello world'
11
12 >>> say()
13 'hello world'
14 >>>
b.被装饰对象有参数:
1 >>> class test(object):
2 def __init__(self,func):
3 self._func=func
4 def __call__(self,*args,**kw):
5 return self._func(*args,**kw)
6
7
8 >>> @test
9 def left(Str,Len):
10 #The parameters of __call__ can be '(self,Str,Len)' in this case.
11 return Str[:Len]
12
13 >>> left('hello world',5)
14 'hello'
15 >>>
[2]装饰器有参数
a.被装饰对象无参数:
1 >>> class test(object):
2 def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
3 self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
4 def __call__(self,func):
5 def _call():
6 print self.beforeInfo
7 return func()
8 return _call
9
10
11 >>> @test()
12 def say():
13 return 'hello world'
14
15 >>> say()
16 Call function
17 'hello world'
18 >>>
或者:
1 >>> class test(object):
2 def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
3 self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
4 def __call__(self,func):
5 self._func=func
6 return self._call
7 def _call(self):
8 print self.beforeInfo
9 return self._func()
10
11
12 >>> @test()
13 def say():
14 return 'hello world'
15
16 >>> say()
17 Call function
18 'hello world'
19 >>>
b.被装饰对象有参数:
1 >>> class test(object):
2 def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
3 self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
4 def __call__(self,func):
5 def _call(*args,**kw):
6 print self.beforeInfo
7 return func(*args,**kw)
8 return _call
9
10
11 >>> @test()
12 def left(Str,Len):
13 #The parameters of _call can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
14 return Str[:Len]
15
16 >>> left('hello world',5)
17 Call function
18 'hello'
19 >>>
或者:
1 >>> class test(object):
2 def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
3 self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
4 def __call__(self,func):
5 self._func=func
6 return self._call
7 def _call(self,*args,**kw):
8 print self.beforeInfo
9 return self._func(*args,**kw)
10
11
12 >>> @test()
13 def left(Str,Len):
14 #The parameters of _call can be '(self,Str,Len)' in this case.
15 return Str[:Len]
16
17 >>> left('hello world',5)
18 Call function
19 'hello'
20 >>>
2.装饰类:被装饰对象是一个类
[1]装饰器无参数:
a.被装饰对象无参数:
1 >>> class test(object):
2 def __init__(self,cls):
3 self._cls=cls
4 def __call__(self):
5 return self._cls()
6
7
8 >>> @test
9 class sy(object):
10 def __init__(self):
11 self.value=32
12
13
14 >>> s=sy()
15 >>> s
16 <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>
17 >>> s.value
18 32
19 >>>
b.被装饰对象有参数:
1 >>> class test(object):
2 def __init__(self,cls):
3 self._cls=cls
4 def __call__(self,*args,**kw):
5 return self._cls(*args,**kw)
6
7
8 >>> @test
9 class sy(object):
10 def __init__(self,value):
11 #The parameters of __call__ can be '(self,value)' in this case.
12 self.value=value
13
14
15 >>> s=sy('hello world')
16 >>> s
17 <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>
18 >>> s.value
19 'hello world'
20 >>>
[2]装饰器有参数:
a.被装饰对象无参数:
1 >>> class test(object):
2 def __init__(self,printValue=False):
3 self._printValue=printValue
4 def __call__(self,cls):
5 def _call():
6 obj=cls()
7 if self._printValue:
8 print 'value = %r'%obj.value
9 return obj
10 return _call
11
12
13 >>> @test(True)
14 class sy(object):
15 def __init__(self):
16 self.value=32
17
18
19 >>> s=sy()
20 value = 32
21 >>> s
22 <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB50B8>
23 >>> s.value
24 32
25 >>>
b.被装饰对象有参数:
1 >>> class test(object):
2 def __init__(self,printValue=False):
3 self._printValue=printValue
4 def __call__(self,cls):
5 def _call(*args,**kw):
6 obj=cls(*args,**kw)
7 if self._printValue:
8 print 'value = %r'%obj.value
9 return obj
10 return _call
11
12
13 >>> @test(True)
14 class sy(object):
15 def __init__(self,value):
16 #The parameters of _call can be '(value)' in this case.
17 self.value=value
18
19
20 >>> s=sy('hello world')
21 value = 'hello world'
22 >>> s
23 <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB5588>
24 >>> s.value
25 'hello world'
26 >>>
总结:【1】@decorator后面不带括号时(也即装饰器无参数时),效果就相当于先定义func或cls,而后执行赋值操作func=decorator(func)或cls=decorator(cls);
【2】@decorator后面带括号时(也即装饰器有参数时),效果就相当于先定义func或cls,而后执行赋值操作 func=decorator(decoratorArgs)(func)或cls=decorator(decoratorArgs)(cls);
【3】如上将func或cls重新赋值后,此时的func或cls也不再是原来定义时的func或cls,而是一个可执行体,你只需要传入参数就可调用,func(args)=>返回值或者输出,cls(args)=>object of cls;
【4】最后通过赋值返回的执行体是多样的,可以是闭包,也可以是外部函数;当被装饰的是一个类时,还可以是类内部方法,函数;
【5】另外要想真正了解装饰器,一定要了解func.func_code.co_varnames,func.func_defaults,func.func_argcount,通过它们你可以以func的定义之外,还原func的参数列表,详见Python多重装饰器中的最后一个例子中的ArgsType;另外关键字参数是因为调用而出现的,而不是因为func的定义,func的定义中的用等号连接的只是有默认值的参数,它们并不一定会成为关键字参数,因为你仍然可以按照位置来传递它们。 |
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