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Linux的文件系统,根文件系统(rootfs):root filesystem、LSB, FHS: (FileSystem Heirache Standard)
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ls /
bin data etc lib lost+found mnt proc sbin srv tmp var
boot dev home lib64 media opt root selinux sys usr
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- /boot
引导文件存放目录,内核文件(vmlinuz)、引导加载器(bootloader, grub)都存放于此目录
- /bin
供所有用户使用的基本命令;不能关联至独立分区,OS启动即会用到的程序。
- /sbin
管理类的基本命令;不能关联至独立分区,OS启动即会用到的程序。
- /lib
基本共享库文件,以及内核模块文件(/lib/modules)。
[iyunv@master ~]# ls /lib
alsa cpp crda firmware kbd modules security terminfo udev
- /lib64
专用于x86_64系统上的辅助共享库文件存放位置。
[iyunv@master ~]# ls /lib64/
dbus-1 libk5crypto.so.3.1
device-mapper libkeyutils.so.1
ld-2.12.so libkeyutils.so.1.3
ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 libkrb5.so.3
- /etc
系统配置文件目录(纯文本文件)
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ls /etc/
abrt hosts.allow protocols
acpi hosts.deny pulse
adjtime hp quotagrpadmins
aliases httpd quotatab
aliases.db init rc
alsa init.d rc0.d
alternatives inittab rc1.d
anacrontab inputrc rc2.d
asound.conf iproute2 rc3.d
at.deny issue rc4.d
audisp issue.net rc5.d
audit kdump-adv-conf rc6.d
avahi kdump.conf rc.d
bash_completion.d krb5.conf rc.local
bashrc ld.so.cache rc.sysinit
blkid ld.so.conf readahead.conf
bluetooth ld.so.conf.d redhat-release
bonobo-activation libaudit.conf resolv.conf
centos-release libreport rpc
chkconfig.d libuser.conf rpm
ConsoleKit localtime rsyslog.conf
cron.d login.defs rsyslog.d
cron.daily logrotate.conf rwtab
cron.deny logrotate.d rwtab.d
cron.hourly lvm samba
cron.monthly magic sane.d
crontab mailcap sasl2
cron.weekly mail.rc scl
crypttab makedev.d securetty
csh.cshrc man.config security
csh.login mime.types selinux
cups mke2fs.conf services
dbus-1 modprobe.d sestatus.conf
default motd setuptool.d
depmod.d mtab sgml
dhcp mtools.conf shadow
DIR_COLORS my.cnf shadow-
DIR_COLORS.256color nanorc shells
DIR_COLORS.lightbgcolor NetworkManager skel
dnsmasq.conf networks smartd.conf
dnsmasq.d nsswitch.conf snmp
dracut.conf ntp sos.conf
dracut.conf.d ntp.conf sound
drirc obex-data-server ssh
enscript.cfg openldap ssl
environment opt statetab
ethers PackageKit statetab.d
event.d pam.d sudo.conf
exports pango sudoers
favicon.png passwd sudoers.d
festival passwd- sudo-ldap.conf
filesystems passwd.OLD sysconfig
fonts pbm2ppa.conf sysctl.conf
foomatic pcmcia system-release
fprintd.conf pinforc system-release-cpe
fstab pkcs11 terminfo
gai.conf pki tpvmlp.conf
gconf plymouth udev
gcrypt pm updatedb.conf
gdm pm-utils-hd-apm-restore.conf vimrc
ghostscript pnm2ppa.conf virc
gnome-vfs-2.0 polkit-1 vmware-tools
gnupg popt.d warnquota.conf
group portreserve wgetrc
group- postfix wpa_supplicant
grub.conf ppp X11
gshadow prelink.cache xdg
gshadow- prelink.conf xinetd.d
gtk-2.0 prelink.conf.d xml
hal printcap yum
host.conf profile yum.conf
hosts profile.d yum.repos.d
|
7./home/
普通用户家目录
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ls /home/
hadoop zhangshan
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8./root
管理员的家目录
9./media
便携式移动设备挂载点cdrom、usb
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ll /media/
total 0
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10./mnt
临时文件系统挂载点;
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ll /mnt
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jan 27 2015 hgfs
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11./dev
设备文件及特殊文件存储位置
b: block device,随机访问
c: character device,线性访问
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ll /dev/
total 0
crw-rw---- 1 root video 10, 175 Jul 2 21:05 agpgart
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 620 Jul 2 21:05 block
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 80 Jul 2 21:05 bsg
crw------- 1 root root 10, 234 Jul 2 21:05 btrfs-control
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 60 Jul 2 21:05 bus
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Jul 2 21:05 cdrom -> sr0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Jul 2 21:05 cdrw -> sr0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2960 Jul 2 21:06 char
crw------- 1 root root 5, 1 Jul 2 21:05 console
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Jul 2 21:05 core -> /proc/kcore
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 80 Jul 2 21:05 cpu
crw-rw---- 1 root root 10, 61 Jul 2 21:05 cpu_dma_latency
crw-rw---- 1 root root 10, 62 Jul 2 21:05 crash
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 80 Jul 2 21:05 disk
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 14, 9 Jul 2 21:05 dmmidi
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Jul 2 21:05 dvd -> sr0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Jul 2 21:05 dvdrw -> sr0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Jul 2 21:05 fb -> fb0
crw-rw---- 1 root root 29, 0 Jul 2 21:05 fb0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Jul 2 21:05 fd -> /proc/self/fd
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 7 Jul 2 21:05 full
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 10, 229 Jul 2 21:05 fuse
crw-rw---- 1 root root 249, 0 Jul 2 21:05 hidraw0
crw-rw---- 1 root root 10, 228 Jul 2 21:05 hpet
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 40 Jul 2 21:05 hugepages
crw------- 1 root root 229, 0 Jul 2 21:05 hvc0
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 260 Jul 2 21:05 input
crw-rw---- 1 root root 1, 11 Jul 2 21:05 kmsg
srw-rw-rw- 1 root root 0 Jul 2 21:06 log
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 7, 0 Jul 2 21:05 loop0
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 7, 1 Jul 2 21:05 loop1
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 7, 2 Jul 2 21:05 loop2
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 7, 3 Jul 2 21:05 loop3
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 7, 4 Jul 2 21:05 loop4
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 7, 5 Jul 2 21:05 loop5
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 7, 6 Jul 2 21:05 loop6
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 7, 7 Jul 2 21:05 loop7
crw-rw---- 1 root lp 6, 0 Jul 2 21:06 lp0
crw-rw---- 1 root lp 6, 1 Jul 2 21:05 lp1
crw-rw---- 1 root lp 6, 2 Jul 2 21:05 lp2
crw-rw---- 1 root lp 6, 3 Jul 2 21:05 lp3
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Jul 2 21:05 MAKEDEV -> /sbin/MAKEDEV
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 60 Jul 2 21:05 mapper
crw-rw---- 1 root root 10, 227 Jul 2 21:05 mcelog
crw-r----- 1 root kmem 1, 1 Jul 2 21:05 mem
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 14, 2 Jul 2 21:05 midi
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 60 Jul 2 21:05 net
crw-rw---- 1 root root 10, 60 Jul 2 21:05 network_latency
crw-rw---- 1 root root 10, 59 Jul 2 21:05 network_throughput
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Jul 2 21:05 null
crw-r----- 1 root kmem 10, 144 Jul 2 21:05 nvram
crw-rw---- 1 root root 1, 12 Jul 2 21:05 oldmem
crw-rw---- 1 root lp 99, 0 Jul 2 21:05 parport0
crw-r----- 1 root kmem 1, 4 Jul 2 21:05 port
crw------- 1 root root 108, 0 Jul 2 21:05 ppp
crw-rw-rw- 1 root tty 5, 2 Jul 2 21:52 ptmx
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Jul 2 21:05 pts
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 0 Jul 2 21:05 ram0
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 1 Jul 2 21:05 ram1
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 10 Jul 2 21:05 ram10
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 11 Jul 2 21:05 ram11
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 12 Jul 2 21:05 ram12
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 13 Jul 2 21:05 ram13
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 14 Jul 2 21:05 ram14
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 15 Jul 2 21:05 ram15
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 2 Jul 2 21:05 ram2
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 3 Jul 2 21:05 ram3
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 4 Jul 2 21:05 ram4
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 5 Jul 2 21:05 ram5
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 6 Jul 2 21:05 ram6
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 7 Jul 2 21:05 ram7
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 8 Jul 2 21:05 ram8
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 9 Jul 2 21:05 ram9
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 8 Jul 2 21:05 random
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 60 Jul 2 21:05 raw
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Jul 2 21:05 root -> sda2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Jul 2 21:05 rtc -> rtc0
crw-rw---- 1 root root 254, 0 Jul 2 21:05 rtc0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Jul 2 21:05 scd0 -> sr0
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 0 Jul 2 21:05 sda
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 1 Jul 2 21:05 sda1
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 2 Jul 2 21:05 sda2
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 3 Jul 2 21:05 sda3
crw-rw---- 1 root cdrom 21, 0 Jul 2 21:05 sg0
crw-rw---- 1 root disk 21, 1 Jul 2 21:05 sg1
drwxrwxrwt 2 root root 120 Jul 2 21:12 shm
crw-rw---- 1 root root 10, 231 Jul 2 21:05 snapshot
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 200 Jul 2 21:05 snd
brw-rw----+ 1 root cdrom 11, 0 Jul 2 21:05 sr0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Jul 2 21:05 stderr -> /proc/self/fd/2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Jul 2 21:05 stdin -> /proc/self/fd/0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Jul 2 21:05 stdout -> /proc/self/fd/1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Jul 2 21:05 systty -> tty0
crw-rw-rw- 1 root tty 5, 0 Jul 2 21:05 tty
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 0 Jul 2 21:05 tty0
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 1 Jul 2 21:06 tty1
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 10 Jul 2 21:05 tty10
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 11 Jul 2 21:05 tty11
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 12 Jul 2 21:05 tty12
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 13 Jul 2 21:05 tty13
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 14 Jul 2 21:05 tty14
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 15 Jul 2 21:05 tty15
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 16 Jul 2 21:05 tty16
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 17 Jul 2 21:05 tty17
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 18 Jul 2 21:05 tty18
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 19 Jul 2 21:05 tty19
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 2 Jul 2 21:08 tty2
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 20 Jul 2 21:05 tty20
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 21 Jul 2 21:05 tty21
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 22 Jul 2 21:05 tty22
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 23 Jul 2 21:05 tty23
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 24 Jul 2 21:05 tty24
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 25 Jul 2 21:05 tty25
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 26 Jul 2 21:05 tty26
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 27 Jul 2 21:05 tty27
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 28 Jul 2 21:05 tty28
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 29 Jul 2 21:05 tty29
crw------- 1 root root 4, 3 Jul 2 21:06 tty3
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 30 Jul 2 21:05 tty30
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 31 Jul 2 21:05 tty31
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 32 Jul 2 21:05 tty32
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 33 Jul 2 21:05 tty33
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 34 Jul 2 21:05 tty34
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 35 Jul 2 21:05 tty35
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 36 Jul 2 21:05 tty36
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 37 Jul 2 21:05 tty37
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 38 Jul 2 21:05 tty38
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 39 Jul 2 21:05 tty39
crw------- 1 root root 4, 4 Jul 2 21:06 tty4
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 40 Jul 2 21:05 tty40
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 41 Jul 2 21:05 tty41
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 42 Jul 2 21:05 tty42
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 43 Jul 2 21:05 tty43
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 44 Jul 2 21:05 tty44
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 45 Jul 2 21:05 tty45
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 46 Jul 2 21:05 tty46
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 47 Jul 2 21:05 tty47
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 48 Jul 2 21:05 tty48
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 49 Jul 2 21:05 tty49
crw------- 1 root root 4, 5 Jul 2 21:06 tty5
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 50 Jul 2 21:05 tty50
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 51 Jul 2 21:05 tty51
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 52 Jul 2 21:05 tty52
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 53 Jul 2 21:05 tty53
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 54 Jul 2 21:05 tty54
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 55 Jul 2 21:05 tty55
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 56 Jul 2 21:05 tty56
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 57 Jul 2 21:05 tty57
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 58 Jul 2 21:05 tty58
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 59 Jul 2 21:05 tty59
crw------- 1 root root 4, 6 Jul 2 21:06 tty6
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 60 Jul 2 21:05 tty60
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 61 Jul 2 21:05 tty61
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 62 Jul 2 21:05 tty62
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 63 Jul 2 21:05 tty63
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 7 Jul 2 21:05 tty7
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 8 Jul 2 21:05 tty8
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 9 Jul 2 21:05 tty9
crw-rw---- 1 root dialout 4, 64 Jul 2 21:52 ttyS0
crw-rw---- 1 root dialout 4, 65 Jul 2 21:05 ttyS1
crw-rw---- 1 root dialout 4, 66 Jul 2 21:05 ttyS2
crw-rw---- 1 root dialout 4, 67 Jul 2 21:05 ttyS3
crw-r----- 1 root root 10, 223 Jul 2 21:05 uinput
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 9 Jul 2 21:05 urandom
crw-rw---- 1 root root 250, 0 Jul 2 21:05 usbmon0
crw-rw---- 1 root root 250, 1 Jul 2 21:05 usbmon1
crw-rw---- 1 root root 250, 2 Jul 2 21:05 usbmon2
crw-rw---- 1 vcsa tty 7, 0 Jul 2 21:05 vcs
crw-rw---- 1 vcsa tty 7, 1 Jul 2 21:05 vcs1
crw-rw---- 1 vcsa tty 7, 2 Jul 2 21:06 vcs2
crw-rw---- 1 vcsa tty 7, 3 Jul 2 21:06 vcs3
crw-rw---- 1 vcsa tty 7, 4 Jul 2 21:06 vcs4
crw-rw---- 1 vcsa tty 7, 5 Jul 2 21:06 vcs5
crw-rw---- 1 vcsa tty 7, 6 Jul 2 21:06 vcs6
crw-rw---- 1 vcsa tty 7, 128 Jul 2 21:05 vcsa
crw-rw---- 1 vcsa tty 7, 129 Jul 2 21:05 vcsa1
crw-rw---- 1 vcsa tty 7, 130 Jul 2 21:06 vcsa2
crw-rw---- 1 vcsa tty 7, 131 Jul 2 21:06 vcsa3
crw-rw---- 1 vcsa tty 7, 132 Jul 2 21:06 vcsa4
crw-rw---- 1 vcsa tty 7, 133 Jul 2 21:06 vcsa5
crw-rw---- 1 vcsa tty 7, 134 Jul 2 21:06 vcsa6
crw-rw---- 1 root root 10, 63 Jul 2 21:05 vga_arbiter
crw------- 1 root root 10, 57 Jul 2 21:05 vmci
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 10, 56 Jul 2 21:05 vsock
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 5 Jul 2 21:05 zero
|
12./opt
第三方应用程序的安装位置
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ll /opt/
total 442512
drwxr-xr-x 2 hadoop hadoop 4096 Jan 31 2015 conf
drwxr-xr-x 15 hadoop hadoop 4096 Jan 30 2015 hadoop
drwxr-xr-x 24 hadoop hadoop 4096 Jan 31 2015 hbase
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 93090286 Jul 6 2014 hbase-0.96.1.1-cdh5.0.2.tar.gz
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 126699745 Jan 29 2015 jdk-7u75-linux-x64.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 507 Jun 9 2014 README
drwxrwxr-x 9 hadoop hadoop 4096 Mar 18 2014 scala
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 29937534 Feb 1 2015 scala-2.10.4.tgz
drwxrwxr-x 27 hadoop hadoop 4096 Feb 1 2015 spark
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 176185960 Feb 1 2015 spark-0.9.1-bin-hadoop2.tgz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 27179604 Jan 29 2015 zookeeper-3.4.5-cdh5.0.2.tar.gz
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13./srv
系统上运行的服务用到的数据。
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ll /srv
total 0
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14./tmp
临时文件存储位置
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ll /tmp/
total 56
drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Jul 2 21:07 keyring-yH0NhR
drwx------ 2 gdm gdm 4096 Jul 2 21:07 orbit-gdm
drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Jul 2 21:07 orbit-root
drwx------ 2 hadoop hadoop 4096 Jan 30 2015 pulse-2nPNQpo4lJFS
drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Jul 2 21:07 pulse-ckxa76ZxpqLO
drwx------. 2 gdm gdm 4096 Jul 2 21:07 pulse-QIXd2NkmmvjA
drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Jun 26 03:52 virtual-root.1bRsB1
drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Jun 30 06:16 virtual-root.bmCycC
drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Jun 26 03:43 virtual-root.EVR104
drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Jun 26 03:59 virtual-root.olYvZu
drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Jul 2 21:07 virtual-root.uvwUVm
drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 4096 Jan 27 2015 VMwareDnD
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 2 21:06 vmware-root
drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Jul 2 21:07 vmware-root-1857817695
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15./usr
shared, read-only data
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ll /usr/
total 136
dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 36864 Jun 26 04:20 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 games
drwxr-xr-x. 32 root root 4096 Jan 27 2015 include
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 29 2015 java
dr-xr-xr-x. 14 root root 4096 Jan 27 2015 lib
dr-xr-xr-x. 91 root root 36864 Jan 27 2015 lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 22 root root 12288 Jan 27 2015 libexec
drwxr-xr-x. 14 root root 4096 May 23 2015 local
dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 12288 Jan 27 2015 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 172 root root 4096 Jan 27 2015 share
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Jan 27 2015 src
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 10 Jan 27 2015 tmp -> ../var/tmp
|
bin: 保证系统拥有完整功能而提供的应用程序;
sbin:
lib:
lib64:
include: C程序的头文件(header files);
share:结构化独立的数据,例如doc, man等;
local:第三方应用程序的安装位置;
bin, sbin, lib, lib64, etc, share
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ll /usr/local/
total 208032
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 games
drwxr-xr-x 12 20000 20000 4096 May 23 2015 hadoop-2.6.0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 195257604 Nov 30 2014 hadoop-2.6.0.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 include
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 libexec
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 4096 Jan 27 2015 share
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 src
-rwxr--r-- 1 root root 367 May 23 2015 start-hadoop.sh
-rwxr--r-- 1 root root 361 May 23 2015 stop-hadoop.sh
drwxr-xr-x 11 1000 1000 4096 May 22 2015 zookeeper-3.4.6
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 17699306 Mar 22 2015 zookeeper-3.4.6.tar.gz
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16./var
cache: 应用程序缓存数据目录;
lib: 应用程序状态信息数据;
local:专用于为/usr/local下的应用程序存储可变数据;
lock: 锁文件
log: 日志目录及文件;
opt: 专用于为/opt下的应用程序存储可变数据;
run: 运行中的进程相关的数据;通常用于存储进程的pid文件;
spool: 应用程序数据池;
tmp: 保存系统两次重启之间产生的临时数据;
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ll /var
total 76
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jan 27 2015 account
drwxr-xr-x. 13 root root 4096 Jan 27 2015 cache
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 26 03:50 crash
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Jan 27 2015 db
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Jan 27 2015 empty
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 games
drwxrwx--T. 2 root gdm 4096 Oct 15 2014 gdm
drwxr-xr-x. 33 root root 4096 Jan 27 2015 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 local
drwxrwxr-x. 5 root lock 4096 Jul 2 22:14 lock
drwxr-xr-x. 12 root root 4096 Jul 2 21:06 log
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 10 Jan 27 2015 mail -> spool/mail
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 nis
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 opt
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 preserve
drwxr-xr-x. 29 root root 4096 Jul 2 21:18 run
drwxr-xr-x. 13 root root 4096 Jan 27 2015 spool
drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 4096 Jun 26 04:06 tmp
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 4096 Jan 27 2015 www
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 yp
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ls /var/log/
anaconda.ifcfg.log cron-20150918 messages secure-20160626
anaconda.log cron-20160626 messages-20150521 spice-vdagent.log
anaconda.program.log cups messages-20150524 spooler
anaconda.storage.log dmesg messages-20150918 spooler-20150521
anaconda.syslog dmesg.old messages-20160626 spooler-20150524
anaconda.xlog dracut.log ntpstats spooler-20150918
anaconda.yum.log dracut.log-20160626 pm-powersave.log spooler-20160626
audit gdm ppp tallylog
boot.log httpd prelink vmware-tools-upgrader.log
btmp lastlog sa wpa_supplicant.log
btmp-20160701 maillog samba wtmp
ConsoleKit maillog-20150521 secure Xorg.0.log
cron maillog-20150524 secure-20150521 Xorg.0.log.old
cron-20150521 maillog-20150918 secure-20150524 yum.log
cron-20150524 maillog-20160626 secure-20150918 yum.log-20160626
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ll /var/run/
total 180
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 2 21:06 abrt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Jul 2 21:06 abrtd.pid
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Jul 2 21:06 acpid.pid
srw-rw-rw- 1 root root 0 Jul 2 21:06 acpid.socket
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Jul 2 21:06 atd.pid
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Jul 2 21:06 auditd.pid
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jan 31 2015 console
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 2 21:08 ConsoleKit
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Jul 2 21:06 console-kit-daemon.pid
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Jul 2 21:06 crond.pid
---------- 1 root root 0 Jul 2 21:06 cron.reboot
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root lp 4096 Jul 2 21:06 cups
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Jul 2 21:06 cupsd.pid
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 2 21:06 dbus
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Jul 2 21:06 dhclient-eth2.pid
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Oct 15 2014 faillock
drwx--x--x. 4 root gdm 4096 Jul 2 21:07 gdm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Jul 2 21:06 gdm.pid
drwx------. 2 haldaemon haldaemon 4096 Oct 15 2014 hald
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Jul 2 21:06 haldaemon.pid
drwx--x---. 2 root apache 4096 Oct 16 2014 httpd
drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Oct 15 2014 lvm
drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Oct 16 2014 mdadm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Jul 2 21:06 messagebus.pid
drwxrwxr-x. 2 root root 4096 Oct 16 2014 netreport
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 14 2014 net-snmp
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 2 21:06 NetworkManager
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 377 Jul 2 21:06 nm-dhclient-eth2.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Aug 11 2014 plymouth
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 4096 Jan 27 2015 pm-utils
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 2 21:06 portreserve
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Aug 22 2010 ppp
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Oct 14 2014 saslauthd
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Oct 15 2014 sepermit
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Oct 15 2014 setrans
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Oct 15 2014 spice-vdagentd
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Jul 2 21:06 sshd.pid
-rw------- 1 root root 5 Jul 2 21:06 syslogd.pid
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 11 Jul 2 21:06 tpvmlpd.pid
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 11 Jul 2 21:06 tpvmlpd.stat
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 2 21:06 udev-configure-printer
drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Mar 13 2014 udisks
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root utmp 3840 Jul 2 21:08 utmp
dr-xr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 2 22:18 vmblock-fuse
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Jul 2 21:05 vmtoolsd.pid
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Oct 15 2014 winbindd
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 2013 wpa_supplicant
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 Jul 2 21:06 wpa_supplicant.pid
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ll /var/mail/
total 4
-rw-rw----. 1 hadoop mail 0 Jan 27 2015 hadoop
-rw-------. 1 root mail 1272 Jan 28 2015 root
-rw-rw---- 1 zhangshan mail 0 May 21 2015 zhangshan
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17./proc:
用于输出内核与进程信息相关的虚拟文件系统(linux调优)
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ls /proc/
1 1663 2075 2306 2377 25 43 bus key-users self
10 17 2077 2314 2381 2507 45 cgroups kmsg slabinfo
11 1707 208 2315 2385 2510 46 cmdline kpagecount softirqs
12 1712 2088 2319 2386 2534 47 cpuinfo kpageflags stat
1244 1738 209 232 2389 26 5 crypto loadavg swaps
1264 1788 2091 2327 2394 27 6 devices locks sys
13 18 21 233 2398 279 7 diskstats mdstat sysrq-trigger
14 19 2108 2339 2399 280 738 dma meminfo sysvipc
1423 1984 2178 234 24 29 78 driver misc timer_list
1453 2 2183 2341 2415 2952 79 execdomains modules timer_stats
15 20 22 2343 2418 3 8 fb mounts tty
1585 2008 2233 2351 2424 30 853 filesystems mpt uptime
1596 2009 2247 2352 2441 31 854 fs mtd version
16 2011 2261 2354 2444 310 895 interrupts mtrr vmallocinfo
1601 2023 2265 2356 2445 32 896 iomem net vmstat
1617 2037 2275 2360 2447 33 9 ioports pagetypeinfo zoneinfo
1621 2064 2283 2362 2476 34 941 irq partitions
1624 2069 2284 2366 2491 365 acpi kallsyms sched_debug
1652 2071 2297 2370 2494 4 asound kcore schedstat
1662 2073 23 2375 2495 42 buddyinfo keys scsi
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18./sys
用于输出当前系统上硬件设备相关信息的虚拟文件系统。
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ll /sys/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Jul 2 21:05 block
drwxr-xr-x 16 root root 0 Jul 2 21:05 bus
drwxr-xr-x 44 root root 0 Jul 2 21:06 class
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Jul 2 21:05 dev
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jul 2 21:05 devices
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Jul 2 21:05 firmware
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Jul 2 21:06 fs
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Jul 2 21:06 hypervisor
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 0 Jul 2 21:05 kernel
drwxr-xr-x 100 root root 0 Jul 2 21:06 module
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Jul 2 21:06 power
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19./selinux
security enhanced Linux,selinux相关的安全策略等信息的存储位置;
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| [iyunv@master ~]# ll /selinux/
total 0
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上面是linux根目录文件系统的组成部分。
下面说一下linux的应用程序的组成部分,如下:
二进制程序:/bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, /usr/local/bin, /usr/local/sbin
库文件:/lib, /lib64, /usr/lib, /usr/lib64, /usr/local/lib, /usr/local/lib64
配置文件:/etc, /etc/DIRECTORY, /usr/local/etc
帮助文件:/usr/share/man, /usr/share/doc, /usr/local/share/man, /usr/local/share/doc
Linux下的文件类型:通过file 查看文件类型
- (f):普通文件;
d: 目录文件;
b: 块设备;
c: 字符设备;
l: 符号链接文件;
p: 管道文件;
s: 套接字文件;socket;
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| [iyunv@master ~]# file zookeeper.out
zookeeper.out: ASCII English text, with very long lines
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| [iyunv@master ~]# file test
test: directory
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系统管理类命令:
关机:
halt, poweroff, shutdown, init 0
重启:
reboot, shutdown, init 6
跟用户登录相关:
who, whoami, w
关机或重启:
halt, poweroff
reboot
-f: 强制,不调用shutdown
-p: 切断电源
shutdown:
shutdown [OPTION]... TIME [MESSAGE]
-r: reboot
-h: halt
-c:cancel
TIME:
now: 立刻
+m: 相对时间表示法,从命令提交开始多久之后;例如 +3;
hh:mm: 绝对时间表示,指明具体时间;
用户登录信息查看命令:
whoami: 显示当前登录有效用户;
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| [iyunv@master ~]# whoami
root
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who: 系统当前所有的登录会话;
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| [iyunv@master ~]# who
root tty2 2016-07-02 21:08 //虚拟终端登录
root tty1 2016-07-02 21:07 (:0) //虚拟终端登录
root pts/0 2016-07-02 21:07 (:0.0) //图形界面
root pts/1 2016-07-02 21:08 (192.168.0.105) //模拟终端登录
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w: 系统当前所有的登录会话及所做的操作;
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| [iyunv@master ~]# w
22:57:08 up 1:51, 4 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
root tty2 - 21:08 1:48m 0.02s 0.02s -bash
root tty1 :0 21:07 1:51m 6.00s 6.00s /usr/bin/Xorg :0 -br -v
root pts/0 :0.0 21:07 1:49m 0.03s 0.03s /bin/bash
root pts/1 192.168.0.105 21:08 0.00s 0.17s 0.02s w
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总结:linux文件系统是学习linux的基础,一定要学好哦!!
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