oracle 11g DG 搭建

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groupadd oinstall
groupadd dba
groupadd oper
groupadd asmadmin
groupadd asmdba
groupadd asmoper
useradd -g oinstall -G dba,asmdba,asmadmin,asmoper grid
useradd -g oinstall -G dba,oper,asmdba oracle

passwd  grid
passwd  oracle

mkdir -p /u01/app/11.2.0/grid
mkdir -p /u01/app/grid
mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle
chown grid:oinstall /u01/app/11.2.0/grid
chown grid:oinstall /u01/app/grid
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/oracle
chmod -R 775 /u01/
chown -R grid:oinstall /u01


sed -i 's/kernel.shmmax/#kernel.shmmax/g' /etc/sysctl.conf
sed -i 's/kernel.shmall/#kernel.shmall/g' /etc/sysctl.conf

vi /etc/sysctl.conf
添加以下内容：

fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
fs.file-max = 6815744
kernel.shmall = 2097152
kernel.shmmax = 1073741824
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 1048586

sysctl -p

vi /etc/security/limits.conf

添加如下内容：

oracle soft nproc 2047
oracle hard nproc 16384
oracle soft nofile 1024
oracle hard nofile 65536
oracle soft stack 10240
grid soft nproc 2047
grid hard nproc 16384
grid soft nofile 1024
grid hard nofile 65536
grid soft stack 10240

vi /etc/profile 写入如下内容：

if [ $USER = "oracle" ] || [ $USER = "grid" ]; then
if [ $SHELL = "/bin/ksh" ]; then
ulimit -p 16384
ulimit -n 65536
else
ulimit -u 16384 -n 65536
fi
umask 022
fi
export PATH=$PATH:/u01/app/11.2.0/grid/bin


配置节点rac1

grid 用户：

vi .bash_profile

export TMP=/tmp
export TMPDIR=$TMP
export ORACLE_HOSTNAME=
export ORACLE_SID=
export ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/grid
export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/11.2.0/grid
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH

oracle用户：

vi .bash_profile

export TMP=/tmp
export TMPDIR=$TMP
export ORACLE_HOSTNAME=
export ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/db_1
export ORACLE_UNQNAME=
export ORACLE_SID=
export ORACLE_TERM=xterm
export PATH=/usr/sbin:$PATH
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/usr/lib
export CLASSPATH=$ORACLE_HOME/JRE:$ORACLE_HOME/jlib:$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/jlib




1.分别安装完数据库软件
2.主库dbca建库
3.主备分别netca
4.主库执行：
select * from v$option where parameter = 'Managed Standby';
archive log list
alter database force logging;
alter database add standby logfile group 4 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/redo04.log') size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile group 5 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/redo05.log') size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile group 6 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/redo06.log') size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile group 7 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/redo07.log') size 50m;

create pfile from spfile;

show parameter name;

alter system set db_unique_name='ora11g_primary' scope=spfile;
alter system set log_archive_config='dg_config=(ora11g_primary,ora11g_standby)';
create pfile from spfile;
shutdown immediate;
cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs
查看initora11g.org   db_unique_name='ora11g_primary'是否有
startup;

alter system set log_archive_dest_1='location=/u01/app/oracle/archivelog valid_for=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) db_unique_name=ora11g_primary';
alter system set log_archive_dest_2='service=ora11g_standby LGWR SYNC valid_for=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,primary_role) db_unique_name=ora11g_standby';
alter system set log_archive_dest_state_1='enable';
alter system set log_archive_dest_state_2='enable';
alter system set REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE='EXCLUSIVE' scope=spfile;
alter system set FAL_SERVER='ora11g_standby' scope=spfile;
alter system set FAL_client='ora11g_primary' scope=spfile;
alter system set STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT='AUTO' scope=spfile;

mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/archivelog

create pfile from spfile;
shutdown immediate；
验证参数是否都在
startup mount;
alter database create standby controlfile as '/u01/standby_ctl02.ctl';

cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin
vim listener.ora
添加
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
  (SID_LIST =
    (SID_DESC =
     (SID_NAME = ora11g)
     (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1)
    )
  )

LISTENER =
  (DESCRIPTION_LIST =
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = cbfdb1)(PORT = 1521))
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))
    )
  )

ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /u01/app/oracle


vim tnsnames.ora
ORA11G_PRIMARY =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.1)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = ora11g)
    )
  )
ORA11G_STANDBY =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.2)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = ora11g)
    )
  )

关闭主数据库
SQL>shutdown immediate
生成spfile
SQL> create spfile from pfile;


5.在备库段执行：

mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/oradata/ora11g
mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/admin/ora11g
mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/admin/ora11g/adump
mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/admin/ora11g/bdump
mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/admin/ora11g/cdump
mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/admin/ora11g/dpdump
mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/admin/ora11g/pfile
mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/admin/ora11g/udump
mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/diag/rdbms
mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/diag/tnslsnr
mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/fast_recovery_area/ORA11G
mkdir -p $ORACLE_BASE/archivelog


下面的几个scp 在主库执行
scp -r $ORACLE_BASE/oradata/ora11g/*.dbf 192.168.0.2:/$ORACLE_BASE/oradata/ora11g
scp -r $ORACLE_BASE/oradata/*.log 192.168.0.2:/$ORACLE_BASE/oradata
scp -r /u01/standby_ctl01.ctl 192.168.0.2:/$ORACLE_BASE/oradata
scp -r $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initora11g.ora 192.168.0.2: $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/
scp -r /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/orapwora11g  192.168.0.2:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/


$ cd $ORACLE_BASE/oradata/ora11g
$ mv standby_ctl01.ctl  control01.ctl
$ cp control01.ctl control02.ctl

cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs
修改initora11g.ora

DB_UNIQUE_NAME=ora11g_standby
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1='LOCATION=/u01/app/oracle/archivelog VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=ora11g_standby'
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2='SERVICE=ora11g_primary LGWR SYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=ora11g_primary'
FAL_SERVER=ora11g_primary
FAL_CLIENT=ora11g_standby

cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin
vim listener.ora
添加
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
  (SID_LIST =
    (SID_DESC =
     (SID_NAME = ora11g)
     (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1)
    )
  )

LISTENER =
  (DESCRIPTION_LIST =
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = cbfdb2)(PORT = 1521))
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))
    )
  )

ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /u01/app/oracle


vim tnsnames.ora
ORA11G_PRIMARY =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.1)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = ora11g)
    )
  )
ORA11G_STANDBY =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.2)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = ora11g)
    )
  )

startup nomount
alter database mount standby database;



主库执行：
startup mount
alter database set standby database to maximize  availability;     (设置为最高可用性模式)
alter database open;

SQL>alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
＃执行此命令后，备库会切换到自动恢复模式





一、功能切换
Switchover状态切换
首先在primary上操作：
(1).验证主库是否能执行角色转换到备库（原主库执行）

SQL> SELECT SWITCHOVER_STATUS FROM V$DATABASE;
        SWITCHOVER_STATUS
        -----------------
        TO STANDBY
        1 row selected
(2)开始把物理主库改变为物理备库（原主库执行）
SQL> ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PHYSICAL STANDBY;
或
SQL> ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PHYSICAL STANDBY with session shutdown;
注：如果有活动的session可以使用此选项，否则转换会遇到ORA-01093错误，也可以杀掉活动会话或等活动会话后进行转换
(3).关闭并重启主库（原主库执行）
SQL> shutdown immediate
SQL> startup nomount
SQL> alter database mount standby database; #让备库处于standby
SQL> alter database recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session; #开始实时同步

然后在standby上操作：
(1).验证备库是否能执行角色转换到主库（原备库执行）
SQL> SELECT SWITCHOVER_STATUS FROM V$DATABASE;
SWITCHOVER_STATUS
-----------------
TO_PRIMARY
1 row selected
(2).开始把物理备库转换成物理主库（原备库执行）
SQL> ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PRIMARY;
--如果报ORA-16139: media recovery required，可能是由于未应用日志引起，可先执行
ALTER  DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY  DATABASE DISCONNECT FROM SESSION;
(3)打开备库，然后关闭重启.（原备库执行）
SQL> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
SQL> STARTUP;
(4)验证是否转换成功（原备库执行）
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE;
启动日志应用
(5)  应用归档日志（原主库上执行)
SQL> ALTER  DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE USING CURRENT LOGFILE DISCONNECT FROM SESSION;
小窍门：要想顺利的实现switchover，最好在每台server上都同时设置好primary和standby的一些初始化参数，虽然其中一些参数只有在primary或者standby其中之一上起作用。



4、启动和关闭顺序

启动顺序
(1).启从、主库的监听Listener
从库DG-Standby：
$lsnrctl start
主库DG-Primary：
$lsnrctl start
(2).启动备库数据库，执行如下：
$sqlplus /nolog
SQL>conn /as sysdba
SQL> startup nomount
SQL> alter database mount standby database;               #让备库处于standby
SQL> alter database recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session; #开始实时同步

(3).启动主库
$sqlplus /nolog
SQL>conn /as sysdba
SQL> startup
切换standby database到read only模式
SQL> alter database recover managed standby database cancel;    #首先取消备库的自动恢复模式
SQL>alter database open read only;
如果要切换回recover manage模式（启动日志应用或者启动日志实时应用）
SQL> alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session; 启动日志应用
SQL>alter database recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session; 启动日志实时应用
(3).启动主库数据库(上述第二步执行完毕后，方可执行如下命令)：
SQL>startup

关闭顺序
关闭的时候正好相反，先关闭主库，然后关闭从库。
(1).  关闭主库
$su – oracle
SQL>sqlplus /nolog
SQL>conn /as sysdba
SQL>shutdown immediate;
(2). 关闭从库
su – oracle
SQL>sqlplus /nolog
SQL>conn /as sysdba
SQL>alter database recover managed standby database cancel;     #停止同步
SQL>shutdown immediate



应急切换
（注：模拟主库由于故障无法正常switchover，需要执行failover，强制备库->pridb并接管业务）
(1).备库：
由于是failover，所以理解主库这时候已经无法正常使用，只需备库切换至pridb
停止应用恢复模式
alter database recover managed standby database finish;
转换standbydb为primary db
alter database commit to switchover to primary;

重启数据库，恢复正常业务
SQL>shutdown immediate
SQL>startup
select open_mode,database_role from v$database;

OPEN_MODE       DATABASE_ROLE
----------             ----------------
OPEN                 PRIMARY
注:failover将破坏dataguard模式,需要重新配置dataguard，网上也说不需要配置，但是还没有测试成功


select dbid,name,protection_mode,protection_level from v$database;