Solr:Key Solr concepts

cyc1111

　　Document
　　A document, then, is a collection of fields that map to particular field types defined in a schema. Each field in a document has its content analyzed according to its field type, and the results of that analysis are saved into a search index in order to later retrieve the document by sending in a related query.
　　The inverted index

 
　　Graphical representation of using common Boolean query operators
　　

 
　　Phrase queries and term positions

inverted index with term positions

　　Fuzzy matching
　　Fuzzy matching is defined as the ability to perform inexact matches on terms in the search index. 

• wildcard searching someone may want to search for any words that start with a particular prefix
  
• fuzzy searching or edit distance searching  may want to find spelling variations within one or two characters
  
• proximity searching may want to match two terms within some maximum distance of each other.
  
• range searching    search for terms that fall between known values.
  

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　　Default similarity scoring algorithm
　　

　　Normalization factors

• FIELD NORMS   Field norms are calculated at index time and are represented as an additional byte per field in the Solr index. norm(t,d) = d.getBoost() · lengthNorm(f) · f.getBoost()
  
• QUERY NORMS  t uses the sum of the squared weights for each of the query terms to generate this factor, which is multiplied with the rest of the relevancy score to normalize it. The query norm should not affect the relative weighting of each document that matches a given query.
  
• COORD FACTOR  The idea behind the coord factor is that, all things being equal, documents that
  contain more of the terms in the query should score higher than documents that only match a few.
  

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　　Precision and Recall

• Precision      The Precision of a search results set (the documents that match a query) is a measurement attempting to answer the question, “Were the documents that came back the ones I was looking for?”    #Correct Matches / #Total Results Returned   
  
• Recall           Recall is answering the question:“How many of the correct documents were returned?”#Correct Matches / (#Correct Matches + #Missed Matches)
  

　　The critical difference between Precision and Recall: Precision is high when the results returned are correct; Recall is high when the correct results are present. Recall does not care that all of the results are correct. Precision does not care that all of the results are present.
　　The decision on how to best balance Precision and Recall is ultimately dependent upon your use case.
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Searching at scale

　　The denormalized document
　　Central to Solr is the concept of all documents being denormalized. A denormalized document is one in which all fields are self-contained within the document, even if the values in those fields are duplicated across many documents.
　　

 

 
　　While this denormalized document data model may sound limiting, it also provides a sizable advantage: extreme scalability. Because we can make the assumption that each document is self-contained, this means that we can also partition documents across multiple servers without having to keep related documents on the same server (because documents are independent of one another). This fundamental assumption of document independence allows queries to be parallelized across multiple partitions
of documents and multiple servers to improve query performance, and this ultimately allows Solr to scale horizontally to handle querying billions of documents. This ability to scale across multiple partitions and servers is calleddistributed searching.
　　http://box1:8983/solr/core1/select?q=*:*&shards=box1:8983/solr/core1,box2:8983/solr/core2,box2:8983/solr/core3
　　(Query Speed on N+1 indexes) = Aggregation Overhead + (Query Speed on N indexes)/(N+1)