关于Ubuntu/debian下软件包管理工具用法和Redhat/CentOS系列的比较

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　　这里记录借鉴参考centos系统的管理理论，类比学习ubuntu系统的基本管理。
　　参考文献：SwitchingToUbuntu/FromLinux/RedHatEnterpriseLinuxAndFedora
　　https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwitchingToUbuntu/FromLinux/%20RedHatEnterpriseLinuxAndFedora
　　关于Ubuntu下apt的一些用法及和yum的比较
　　http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_49b1f7210102vepr.html
　　Ubuntu系统中apt命令的用法汇总
　　http://www.xitongzhijia.net/xtjc/20150109/34463.html
　　It is easy to apply your existing knowledge of Red Hat Enterprise Linux or Fedora to Ubuntu. The key differences between them are covered in this article.
Administrative Tasks
　　In Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora by default, each administrative user needs to know the root password, in addition to their own password.
　　In Ubuntu, each user only has one password. Users in the admingroup can run command line and graphical applications with elevated privileges. Graphical admin tools prompt for this password when run, andcommand line tools can be run with root-privileges using sudo.
Package Management
　　Ubuntuhas more packages available than Fedora, so you'll have a better chanceof finding what you want in the repositories. As with Fedora, graphicalapplications will put a link into the Applications menu.
Graphical Tools
　　The Synaptic package Manager is an excellent tool for finding, fetching and installing packages. Press System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager to start Synaptic.
Command Line Tools
　　Ubuntu uses apt-get instead of yum, up2date and so on to find, download, and install packages and their dependencies.
　　Notethat, unlike yum, apt-get is only for packages available in repositories - it cannot handle packages you have already downloaded. The dpkg command is used instead.
Table of Equivalent Commands
　　Below is a table of equivalent commands for package management on both Ubuntu/Debian and Red Hat/Fedora systems.
　　Task
　　Red Hat/Fedora
　　Ubuntu
　　Adding, Removing and Upgrading Packages
　　Refresh list of available packages
　　Yum refreshes each time it's used
　　apt-get update
　　Install a package from a repository
　　yum install package_name
　　apt-get install package_name
　　Install a package file
　　yum install package.rpm
　　rpm -i package.rpm
　　dpkg --install package.deb
　　Remove a package
　　rpm -e package_name
　　apt-get remove package_name
　　Remove a package with configuration files
　　yum remove package_name
　　apt-get purge package_name
　　Check for package upgrades
　　yum check-update
　　apt-get -s upgrade
　　apt-get -s dist-upgrade
　　Upgrade packages
　　yum update
　　rpm -Uvh [args]
　　apt-get upgrade
　　Upgrade the entire system
　　yum upgrade
　　apt-get dist-upgrade
　　Package Information
　　Get information about an available package
　　yum search package_name
　　apt-cache search package_name
　　Show available packages
　　yum list available
　　apt-cache dumpavail
　　List all installed packages
　　yum list installed
　　rpm -qa
　　dpkg --list
　　Get information about a package
　　yum info package_name
　　apt-cache show package_name
　　Get information about an installed package
　　rpm -qi package_name
　　dpkg --status package_name
　　List files in an installed package
　　rpm -ql package_name
　　dpkg --listfiles package_name
　　List documentation files in an installed package
　　rpm -qd package_name
　　-
　　List configuration files in an installed package
　　rpm -qc package_name
　　dpkg-query --show -f '${Conffiles}\n' package_name
　　Show the packages a given package depends on
　　rpm -qR package_name
　　apt-cache depends
　　Show other packages that depend on a
　　given package (reverse dependency)
　　rpm -q --whatrequires [args]
　　apt-cache rdepends
　　Package File Information
　　Get information about a package file
　　rpm -qpi package.rpm
　　dpkg --info package.deb
　　List files in a package file
　　rpm -qpl package.rpm
　　dpkg --contents package.deb
　　List documentation files in a package file
　　rpm -qpd package.rpm
　　-
　　List configuration files in a package file
　　rpm -qpc package.rpm
　　-
　　Extract files in a package
　　rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio -vid
　　dpkg-deb --extract package.deb dir-to-extract-to
　　Find package that installed a file
　　rpm -qf filename
　　dpkg --search filename
　　Find package that provides a particular file
　　yum provides filename
　　apt-file search filename
　　Misc. Packaging System Tools
　　Show stats about the package cache
　　-
　　apt-cache stats
　　Verify all installed packages
　　rpm -Va
　　debsums
　　Remove packages from the local cache directory
　　yum clean packages
　　apt-get clean
　　Remove only obsolete packages from the local cache directory
　　-
　　apt-get autoclean
　　Remove header files from the local cache directory
　　(forcing a new download of same on next use)
　　yum clean headers
　　apt-file purge
　　General Packaging System Information
　　Package file extension
　　*.rpm
　　*.deb
　　Repository location configuration
　　/etc/yum.conf
　　/etc/apt/sources.list
　　Some of the information in this table was derived (with permission) from APT and RPM Packager Lookup Tables.
　　More technical information about Debian-style packaging can be found in Basics of the Debian package management system and the Debian New Maintainers' Guide.
Services
　　Services on Ubuntu are managed in a broadly similar way to those on Red Hat.
Graphical Tools
　　Services can be configured by clicking System -> Administration -> Services. A tool called Boot-Up Manager is also available.
Command Line Tools
　　Below is a table of example commands for managing services. The apache/httpd service is used as an example.
　　Task
　　Red Hat / Fedora
　　Ubuntu
　　Ubuntu
　　(with sysv-rc-conf or sysvconfig)
　　Starting/stopping services immediately
　　service httpd start
　　invoke-rc.d apache start
　　service apache start
　　Enabling a service at boot
　　chkconfig httpd on
　　update-rc.d apache defaults
　　sysv-rc-conf apache on
　　Disabling a service at boot
　　chkconfig httpd off
　　update-rc.d apache purge
　　sysv-rc-conf apache off
　　Note: Whereas Red Hat and Fedora servers boot into runlevel 3 by default, Ubuntu servers default to runlevel 2.
　　Note: The service and invoke-rc.d commands call init scripts to do the actual work.  You can also start and stop services by doing e.g. /etc/init.d/apache start on Ubuntu, or /etc/init.d/httpd start on Red Hat/Fedora.
Network
Graphical Tools
　　Fedora/RHEL have system-config-network, ubuntu pre 10.04 had gnome-nettoolto edit static ip address, since 10.04 nm-connection-editor is the bestchoice. For Ubuntu 10.04 Studio there is only manual editing of files since NetworkMontor is not included
Command Line Tools
　　* ubuntu networking for basic and advanced users