linux学习命令总结⑩②

efn阿克说

　　
　　#fdisk命令：磁盘分区工具
　　fdisk –l：查看机器所挂硬盘个数及分区情况
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/xvda: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x70068116
Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/xvda1   *           1        1044     8385898+  83  Linux
Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000

Disk /dev/xvdc: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000

　　针对某一个挂载设别查看：

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fdisk -l /dev/xvda
Disk /dev/xvda: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes  #该设备空间80G
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders   #255个磁头；63个扇区；1044个柱面
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes #每个柱面的大小约为8.225280M
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x70068116
Device#分区序列 Boot#引导 Start#开始柱面 End#结束柱面 Blocks#容量   Id#分区类型ID    System#分区类型
/dev/xvda1        *         1            1044      8385898+        83              Linux


通过fdisk分区工具，对指定挂载设备进行操作：

Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xcc40c7dc.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): #这里输入m或者help进入帮助界面

　　进入到此界面我们可以输入m或者help来获取使用帮助

Command (m for help): m
Command action
a   toggle a bootable flag
b   edit bsd disklabel
c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
d   delete a partition #输入d删除分区
   l   list known partition types #输入l列出内核支持的分区类型ID
   m   print this menu
n   add a new partition #输入n新建分区
o   create a new empty DOS partition table
p   print the partition table #输入p列出当前分区信息
   q   quit without saving changes #输入q不保存退出
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
t   change a partition's system id #输入t调整分区类型ID
u   change display/entry units
v   verify the partition table
w   write table to disk and exit #输入w保存退出
x   extra functionality (experts only)

　　创建一个主分区

Command (m for help): p #列出当前分区信息         
Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xd0807ba8
Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
#当前无分区
Command (m for help): n #新建分区
Command action
e   extended #扩展分区（无法格式化）
p   primary partition (1-4) #主分区（最多四个）
p #选择创建主分区
Partition number (1-4): 1 #创建第一个主分区
First cylinder (1-1305, default 1): #起始柱面（始终由1开始）
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1305, default 1305): 200 #结束柱面（每个柱面大小约8.22M，再乘以起始柱面到结束柱面的个数就等于该分区的大小；也可以自定大小如输入+1000M/+1G）  
Command (m for help): p #列出当前分区信息
Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xd0807ba8
Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/xvdb1               1         200     1606468+  83  Linux

　　创建一个扩展分区

Command (m for help): n
Command action
e   extended
p   primary partition (1-4)
e
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (201-1305, default 201):
Using default value 201
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (201-1305, default 1305): +3G      
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xd0807ba8
Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/xvdb1               1         200     1606468+  83  Linux
/dev/xvdb2             201         593     3156772+   5  Extended

　　创建一个逻辑分区

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x5855c29e
Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/xvdb1               1         200     1606468+  83  Linux
/dev/xvdb2             201         593     3156772+   5  Extended
Command (m for help): n
Command action
l   logical (5 or over) #逻辑分区
p   primary partition (1-4)
l
First cylinder (201-593, default 201):
Using default value 201
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (201-593, default 593): +1G #输入大小不可超过扩展分区的总容量  

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x5855c29e
Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/xvdb1               1         200     1606468+  83  Linux
/dev/xvdb2             201         593     3156772+   5  Extended
/dev/xvdb5             201         332     1060258+  83  Linux

　　调整指定分区的分区类型

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xcd0ac78c
Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/xvdb1               1         200     1606468+  83  Linux
/dev/xvdb2             201         593     3156772+   5  Extended
Command (m for help): l #列出内核内支持的分区类型ID
0  Empty           24  NEC DOS         81  Minix / old Lin bf  Solaris        
1  FAT12           39  Plan 9          82  Linux swap / So c1  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2  XENIX root      3c  PartitionMagic  83  Linux           c4  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3  XENIX usr       40  Venix 80286     84  OS/2 hidden C:  c6  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4  FAT16 <32M      41  PPC PReP Boot   85  Linux extended  c7  Syrinx         
5  Extended        42  SFS             86  NTFS volume set da  Non-FS data   
6  FAT16           4d  QNX4.x          87  NTFS volume set db  CP/M / CTOS / .
7  HPFS/NTFS       4e  QNX4.x 2nd part 88  Linux plaintext de  Dell Utility   
8  AIX             4f  QNX4.x 3rd part 8e  Linux LVM       df  BootIt         
9  AIX bootable    50  OnTrack DM      93  Amoeba          e1  DOS access     
a  OS/2 Boot Manag 51  OnTrack DM6 Aux 94  Amoeba BBT      e3  DOS R/O        
b  W95 FAT32       52  CP/M            9f  BSD/OS          e4  SpeedStor      
c  W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53  OnTrack DM6 Aux a0  IBM Thinkpad hi eb  BeOS fs        
e  W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54  OnTrackDM6      a5  FreeBSD         ee  GPT            
f  W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55  EZ-Drive        a6  OpenBSD         ef  EFI (FAT-12/16/
10  OPUS            56  Golden Bow      a7  NeXTSTEP        f0  Linux/PA-RISC b
11  Hidden FAT12    5c  Priam Edisk     a8  Darwin UFS      f1  SpeedStor      
12  Compaq diagnost 61  SpeedStor       a9  NetBSD          f4  SpeedStor      
14  Hidden FAT16 <3 63  GNU HURD or Sys ab  Darwin boot     f2  DOS secondary  
16  Hidden FAT16    64  Novell Netware  af  HFS / HFS+      fb  VMware VMFS   
17  Hidden HPFS/NTF 65  Novell Netware  b7  BSDI fs         fc  VMware VMKCORE
18  AST SmartSleep  70  DiskSecure Mult b8  BSDI swap       fd  Linux raid auto
1b  Hidden W95 FAT3 75  PC/IX           bb  Boot Wizard hid fe  LANstep        
1c  Hidden W95 FAT3 80  Old Minix       be  Solaris boot    ff  BBT            
1e  Hidden W95 FAT1
Command (m for help): t #调整分区类型
Partition number (1-5): 1 #输入要调整的分区序列
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e #选择分区类型ID
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xcd0ac78c
Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/xvdb1               1         200     1606468+  8e  Linux LVM
/dev/xvdb2             201         593     3156772+   5  Extended

　　删除指定分区

Command (m for help): d #删除分区
Partition number (1-5): 2 #输入要删除的分区序列
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xcd0ac78c
Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/xvdb1               1         200     1606468+  8e  Linux LVM
Command (m for help):

　　分区完成后查看目前目前机器磁盘分区情况

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor  #blocks  name
202        0    8388608 xvda
202        1    8385898 xvda1
202       16   10485760 xvdb
202       17    1606468 xvdb1
202       18          1 xvdb2
202       21    1060258 xvdb5
202       32    2097152 xvdc

　　#mke2fs命令：格式化（配置文件：/etc/mke2fs.conf）

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mke2fs /dev/xvdb1 #把该设备格式化成ext2文件系统
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=   #卷标名称
OS type: Linux  #操作系统类型
Block size=4096 (log=2) #块大小
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe  style="color: #000000"> blocks
100464 inodes, 401617 blocks
20080 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user #预留管理员空间的百分比，默认百分5%
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=415236096
13 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
7728 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Writing inode tables: done                           
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 26 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

　　#blkid命令：查看设备属性，UUID和TYPE

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# blkid /dev/xvdb1
/dev/xvdb1: UUID=&quot;8f74e3ce-552f-4d1f-a88f-2c7ef02b25cc&quot; TYPE=&quot;ext2&quot;

　　mke2fs –t 指定文件系统类型，如ext2，ext3，ext4

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/xvdb1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe  style="color: #000000"> blocks
100464 inodes, 401617 blocks
20080 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=415236096
13 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
7728 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Writing inode tables: done                           
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 36 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.


[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# blkid /dev/xvdb1
/dev/xvdb1: UUID=&quot;84af93e0-0047-4ad4-9982-31bddda925c1&quot; TYPE=&quot;ext4&quot;

　　mke2fs –L 设置文件系统卷标

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -L wanghan /dev/xvdb1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=wanghan

　　mke2fs –b 指定块大小，如1024、2048、4096单位字节

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -L wanghan -b 2048 /dev/xvdb1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
warning: 418 blocks unused.
Filesystem label=wanghan
OS type: Linux
Block size=2048 (log=1)
Fragment size=2048 (log=1)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe  style="color: #000000"> blocks
100744 inodes, 802816 blocks
40161 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=537919488
49 block groups #调整了块大小，块组数量随之变化
16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group
2056 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368
Writing inode tables: done                           
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 25 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

　　mke2fs –m 设置预留管理员的空间百分比

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -L wanghan -b 2048 -m 3 /dev/xvdb1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
warning: 418 blocks unused.
Filesystem label=wanghan
OS type: Linux
Block size=2048 (log=1)
Fragment size=2048 (log=1)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe  style="color: #000000"> blocks
100744 inodes, 802816 blocks
24097 blocks (3.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=537919488
49 block groups
16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group
2056 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368
Writing inode tables: done                           
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 35 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

　　#e2label 查看卷标

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# e2label /dev/xvdb1
wanghan

　　更改卷标

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# e2label /dev/xvdb1 test      
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# e2label /dev/xvdb1
test

　　#dumpe2fs命令：显示当前的磁盘状态 （dumpe2fs –h 仅查看超级快中保存的信息）

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/xvdb1
dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem volume name:   test
Last mounted on:          <not available>
Filesystem UUID:          f071494a-55da-4fe1-a93e-6627d69f085f
Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53
Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize
Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash
Default mount options:    (none)
Filesystem state:         clean
Errors behavior:          Continue
Filesystem OS type:       Linux
Inode count:              100744
Block count:              802816
Reserved block count:     24097
Free blocks:              769619
Free inodes:              100733
First block:              0
Block size:               2048
Fragment size:            2048
Reserved GDT blocks:      512
Blocks per group:         16384
Fragments per group:      16384
Inodes per group:         2056
Inode blocks per group:   257
Flex block group size:    16
Filesystem created:       Thu Aug 21 17:05:26 2014
Last mount time:          n/a
Last write time:          Thu Aug 21 17:15:55 2014
Mount count:              0
Maximum mount count:      35
Last checked:             Thu Aug 21 17:05:26 2014
Check interval:           15552000 (6 months)
Next check after:         Tue Feb 17 17:05:26 2015
Lifetime writes:          58 MB
Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)
First inode:              11
Inode size:              256
Required extra isize:     28
Desired extra isize:      28
Journal inode:            8
Default directory hash:   half_md4
Directory Hash Seed:      da63c13e-d2d3-450b-ba50-5bc62847a2cc
Journal backup:           inode blocks
Journal features:         (none)
Journal size:             32M
Journal length:           16384
Journal sequence:         0x00000001
Journal start:            0

Group 0: (Blocks 0-16383) [ITABLE_ZEROED]
Checksum 0xbddb, unused inodes 2045
Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-1
Reserved GDT blocks at 2-513
Block bitmap at 514 (+514), Inode bitmap at 530 (+530)
Inode table at 546-802 (+546)
11716 free blocks, 2045 free inodes, 2 directories, 2045 unused inodes
Free blocks: 4668-16383
Free inodes: 12-2056
后面省略
　　#tune2fs命令：调整查看文件系统参数
　　tune2fs –l 查看超级块中的信息；与dumpe2fs –h 命令一样
　　tune2fs –L 更改卷标

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# e2label /dev/xvdb1
test
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# tune2fs -L wanghan /dev/xvdb1
tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# e2label /dev/xvdb1
wanghan

　　tune2fs –m 更改预留管理员的空间百分比

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# tune2fs -m 6 /dev/xvdb1
tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Setting reserved blocks percentage to 6% (48168 blocks)

　　#fsck命令：磁盘修复
　　fsck –a 自动修复错误
　　

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fsck -a /dev/xvda1
fsck from util-linux-ng 2.17.2
/dev/xvda1 is mounted.  
WARNING!!!  The filesystem is mounted.   If you continue you ***WILL***
cause ***SEVERE*** filesystem damage.
Do you really want to continue (y/n)? yes
/dev/xvda1 contains a file system with errors, check forced.
/dev/xvda1: Inode 273382, i_blocks is 3104, should be 3096.  FIXED.
/dev/xvda1: Inode 273383 has illegal block(s).  
/dev/xvda1: UNEXPECTED INCONSISTENCY; RUN fsck MANUALLY.
(i.e., without -a or -p options)

　　fsck –r 交互式修复错误

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fsck -r /dev/xvda1
fsck from util-linux-ng 2.17.2
e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
/dev/xvda1 is mounted.  
WARNING!!!  The filesystem is mounted.   If you continue you ***WILL***
cause ***SEVERE*** filesystem damage.
Do you really want to continue (y/n)? yes
/dev/xvda1 contains a file system with errors, check forced.
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Inode 273382, i_blocks is 3104, should be 3096.  Fix<y>? yes
Inode 273383 has illegal block(s).  Clear<y>? yes
Illegal block #12 (2553887680) in inode 273383.  CLEARED.
Illegal block #13 (16777216) in inode 273383.  CLEARED.
Illegal block #14 (1601307648) in inode 273383.  CLEARED.
Illegal block #15 (1887441664) in inode 273383.  CLEARED.
Illegal block #21 (41950464) in inode 273383.  CLEARED.
Illegal block #22 (167772160) in inode 273383.  CLEARED.
Inode 273383, i_blocks is 8192, should be 104.  Fix<y>? yes
Inode 273350 has illegal block(s).  Clear<y>? yes
#后面省略
　　e2fsck –f 强制检测
　　e2fsck –y 对问题自动回答为YES
　　#mount命令：挂载命令
　　mount [options] [-t fstype] [–o options] 设备 挂在点
　　[options]：命令选项
　　[-o options]：挂在时启用分区特性
　　显示当前系统所有已挂载设备信息：

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mount
/dev/xvda1 on / type ext3 (rw,noatime,acl,user_xattr)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,mode=0620,gid=5)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)

　　挂载分区：

[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# mount /dev/xvdb1 /tmp/wanghan
[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# mount
/dev/xvda1 on / type ext3 (rw,noatime,acl,user_xattr)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,mode=0620,gid=5)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
/dev/xvdb1 on /tmp/wanghan type ext4 (rw)

　　mount –a 自动挂载所有支持自动挂载的设备（/etc/fstab文件中）

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mount
/dev/xvda1 on / type ext3 (rw,noatime,acl,user_xattr)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,mode=0620,gid=5)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# cat /etc/fstab
/dev/xvda1            /                    ext3       noatime,acl,user_xattr 1 1
LABEL=lswap            swap                 swap       defaults 0 0
proc                 /proc                proc       defaults              0 0
sysfs                /sys                 sysfs      noauto                0 0
debugfs              /sys/kernel/debug    debugfs    noauto                0 0
devpts               /dev/pts             devpts     mode=0620,gid=5       0 0
/dev/xvdb1           /tmp/wanghan          ext4       defaults              0 0
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mount -a
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mount
/dev/xvda1 on / type ext3 (rw,noatime,acl,user_xattr)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,mode=0620,gid=5)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
/dev/xvdb1 on /tmp/wanghan type ext4 (rw)

　　umount命令：卸载文件系统

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mount
/dev/xvda1 on / type ext3 (rw,noatime,acl,user_xattr)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,mode=0620,gid=5)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
/dev/xvdb1 on /tmp/wanghan type ext4 (rw)
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# umount /dev/xvdb1 #也可以输入挂载点进行指定卸载
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mount
/dev/xvda1 on / type ext3 (rw,noatime,acl,user_xattr)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,mode=0620,gid=5)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)

　　开机自动挂载：
　　将需要挂载文件系统写入/etc/fstab文件系统挂载表中

[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# vim /etc/fstab
/dev/xvda1            /                    ext3       noatime,acl,user_xattr 1 1
LABEL=lswap            swap                 swap       defaults 0 0
proc                 /proc                proc       defaults              0 0
sysfs                /sys                 sysfs      noauto                0 0
debugfs              /sys/kernel/debug    debugfs    noauto                0 0
devpts               /dev/pts             devpts     mode=0620,gid=5       0 0
/dev/xvdb1           /tmp/wanghan           ext4       defaults            0                                  0
#要挂载的设备                #挂载点，swap挂载点为swap    #文件系统类型      #挂载选项                      #是否备份（0：从不备份；1每日备份）        #自检次序（0：不自检
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         1或者2为要自检，如果是根分区要设为1，
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          其他分区只能是2）
　　
#fuser命令：查询给定文件或目录的用户或进程信息

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fuser /tmp/wanghan
/tmp/wanghan:        26452c

　　fuser –v 显示更详细信息

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fuser -v /tmp/wanghan
USER        PID ACCESS COMMAND
/tmp/wanghan:        wanghan   26452 ..c.. bash

　　fuser –km 关闭占用进程

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fuser -v /tmp/wanghan
USER        PID ACCESS COMMAND
/tmp/wanghan:        wanghan   26452 ..c.. bash
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fuser -km /tmp/wanghan
/tmp/wanghan:        26452c
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fuser -v /tmp/wanghan

　　#df命令：显示磁盘空间的使用信息

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# df
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/xvda1             8254240   1216828   6618120  16% /
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mount /dev/xvdb1 /tmp/wanghan
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# df
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/xvda1             8254240   1216832   6618116  16% /
/dev/xvdb1             2071384     68632   1897528   4% /tmp/wanghan

　　df –h 方便阅读方式显示

[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# df -h /dev/xvdb1
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/xvdb1            2.0G   68M  1.9G   4% /tmp/wanghan

　　df –i 显示inode信息

Filesystem            Inodes   IUsed   IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/xvda1              512K     33K    480K    7% /
/dev/xvdb1              129K      11    129K    1% /tmp/wanghan

　　#du命令：显示每个文件和目录的磁盘使用空间

[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# du #显示当前所在目录的每个文件的磁盘使用空间
16    ./wanghan/lost+found
20    ./wanghan
4    ./.ICE-unix
32    .  #总计


[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# du /tmp #指定查看
16    /tmp/wanghan/lost+found
20    /tmp/wanghan
4    /tmp/.ICE-unix
32    /tmp

　　du –h：方便阅读方式显示

[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# du -h
16K    ./wanghan/lost+found
20K    ./wanghan
4.0K    ./.ICE-unix
32K    .

　　du -s：显示总计，仅列出最后相加的总值

[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# du -s -h
32K    .

　　#查看内存空间使用状态
　　查看 /proc/meminfo文件

[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal:        1018532 kB
MemFree:          785884 kB
Buffers:           43724 kB
Cached:           116488 kB
SwapCached:            0 kB
Active:            67776 kB
Inactive:         107592 kB
Active(anon):      15268 kB
Inactive(anon):     2604 kB
Active(file):      52508 kB
Inactive(file):   104988 kB
Unevictable:           0 kB
Mlocked:               0 kB
SwapTotal:             0 kB
SwapFree:              0 kB
Dirty:               120 kB
Writeback:             0 kB
AnonPages:         15160 kB
Mapped:            12424 kB
Shmem:              2728 kB
Slab:              41732 kB
SReclaimable:      21500 kB
SUnreclaim:        20232 kB
KernelStack:         656 kB
PageTables:         1664 kB
NFS_Unstable:          0 kB
Bounce:                0 kB
WritebackTmp:          0 kB
CommitLimit:      509264 kB
Committed_AS:      86312 kB
VmallocTotal:   34359738367 kB
VmallocUsed:        7212 kB
VmallocChunk:   34359729020 kB
HardwareCorrupted:     0 kB
AnonHugePages:         0 kB
HugePages_Total:       0
HugePages_Free:        0
HugePages_Rsvd:        0
HugePages_Surp:        0
Hugepagesize:       2048 kB
DirectMap4k:        6144 kB
DirectMap2M:     1042432 kB

　　#free命令：监控 Linux 内存使用状况

[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# free
total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       1018532     235012     783520          0      44368     116564
-/+ buffers/cache:      74080     944452
Swap:      2097144          0    2097144

　　free –m 显示结果以MB为单位
　　free –g 显示结果以GB为单位
　　#dd命令：把指定的输入文件拷贝到指定的输出文件中，并且在拷贝的过程中可以进行格式转换
　　dd if=input_file of=output_file bs=#[b|k|m|g] count=#

[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# dd if=/tmp/test.sh of=/tmp/ceshi.sh
0+1 records in
0+1 records out
153 bytes (153 B) copied, 3.3824e-05 s, 4.5 MB/s
[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# cat ceshi.sh
sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssdsdsdsdsdsdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbccccccccccccccccccccccccbbbbbbb

[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# cat test.sh
sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssdsdsdsdsdsdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbccccccccccccccccccccccccbbbbbbb

　　备份MBR并进行恢复

[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# fdisk -l /dev/xvdb
Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xd30f2acf
Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/xvdb1               1         262     2104483+  83  Linux
/dev/xvdb2             263         916     5253255    5  Extended
/dev/xvdb5             263         655     3156741   83  Linux
/dev/xvdb6             656         787     1060258+  83  Linux
[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# dd if=/dev/xvdb of=/tmp/xvdb bs=512 count=1 #将512Byte大小的MBR备份到/tmp/xvdb
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
512 bytes (512 B) copied, 0.00227598 s, 225 kB/s
[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/xvdb bs=512 count=1
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
512 bytes (512 B) copied, 0.000697809 s, 734 kB/s
[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# fdisk -l /dev/xvdb
Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# dd if=/tmp/xvdb of=/dev/xvdb #将备份到/tmp/xvdb的MBR信息重新写入
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
512 bytes (512 B) copied, 0.000623246 s, 822 kB/s
[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# fdisk -l /dev/xvdb
Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xd30f2acf
    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/xvdb1               1         262     2104483+  83  Linux
/dev/xvdb2             263         916     5253255    5  Extended
/dev/xvdb5             263         655     3156741   83  Linux
/dev/xvdb6             656         787     1060258+  83  Linux