Rails + passenger + git + capistrano实现自动化部署

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　　首先要：yum install sudo which #如果有就算了
　　1,我们需要关心的主要是config/deploy.rb这个文件，我们先来看看程序自动为我们生成了些什么：
　　[root@master blog]# cat config/deploy.rb
　　set :application, "set your application name here"
　　set :repository,  "set your repository location here"
　　set :scm, :subversion
　　# Or: `accurev`, `bzr`, `cvs`, `darcs`, `git`, `mercurial`, `perforce`, `subversion` or `none`
　　role :web, "your web-server here"                          # Your HTTP server, Apache/etc
　　role :app, "your app-server here"                          # This may be the same as your `Web` server
　　role :db,  "your primary db-server here", :primary => true # This is where Rails migrations will run
　　role :db,  "your slave db-server here"
　　# If you are using Passenger mod_rails uncomment this:
　　# if you're still using the script/reapear helper you will need
　　# these http://github.com/rails/irs_process_scripts
　　# namespace :deploy do
　　#   task :start do ; end
　　#   task :stop do ; end
　　#   task :restart, :roles => :app, :except => { :no_release => true } do
　　#     run "#{try_sudo} touch #{File.join(current_path,'tmp','restart.txt')}"
　　#   end
　　可以看到系统已经提示我们一些基本的设置了
　　首先,设置application
　　set :application, "blog" #在这里我给他起名字叫blog,当然这个根据具体情况了
　　设置repository，我用的是git：
　　set :repository,  "ssh://root@www.weekface.info/usr/local/system/repository/blog.git"
　　set :scm, :git
　　set :scm_command, "/usr/local/git/bin/git" #这个也很关键啊，否则会找不到git命令了
　　#set :scm_passphrase, "xxxx" 没有密码的就不用设置了
　　接下来就是设置你的server,我的是在同一台机器上面,所以都相同了：
　　role :web, "www.weekface.info"                     # Your HTTP server, Apache/etc
　　role :app, "www.weekface.info"                          # This may be the same as your `Web` server
　　role :db,  "www.weekface.info", :primary => true # This is where Rails migrations will run
　　再接下来是部署的位置:
　　set :deploy_to, "/usr/local/system/www/#{application}"
　　部署的时候是用ssh public key方式连接合服务器，这个在以前的文章中说明过
　　下面是使用者相关的配置:
　　set :user, "root"
　　set :runner, "root"
　　大部分部署指令会以:user设定的身份去运行,但和启动应用服务器相关的指令会以:runner设置的身份去运行.
　　最后，由于我用的是passenger,所以来设置一下启动passenger的相关设置吧：
　　namespace :deploy do
　　task :start do ; end
　　task :stop do ; end
　　task :restart, :roles => :app, :except => { :no_release => true } do
　　run "touch #{File.join(current_path,'tmp','restart.txt')}"
　　end
　　end
　　2,部署
　　第一次部署需要运行下面的命令:
　　cap deploy:setup
　　报错了:
　　sh: sudo: command not found
　　#或者
　　sudo: sorry, you must have a tty to run sudo
　　google了一下,可以这样解决:
　　[root@li96-10 ~]# vim /etc/sudoers
　　# Disable "ssh hostname sudo ", because it will show the password in clear.
　　#         You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo ".
　　#
　　#Defaults    requiretty #将这行注释掉
　　继续执行:
　　[root@master blog]# cap deploy:setup
　　* executing `deploy:setup'
　　* executing "sudo -p 'sudo password: ' mkdir -p /usr/local/system/www/blog /usr/local/system/www/blog/releases /usr/local/system/www/blog/shared /usr/local/system/www/blog/shared/system /usr/local/system/www/blog/shared/log /usr/local/system/www/blog/shared/pids && sudo -p 'sudo password: ' chmod g+w /usr/local/system/www/blog /usr/local/system/www/blog/releases /usr/local/system/www/blog/shared /usr/local/system/www/blog/shared/system /usr/local/system/www/blog/shared/log /usr/local/system/www/blog/shared/pids"
　　servers: ["www.weekface.info"]
　　[www.weekface.info] executing command
　　command finished
　　这个命令会在服务器上配置好相关的目录结构.然后再运行:,以检查目录结构是否配置正确：
　　[root@master blog]# cap deploy:check
　　* executing `deploy:check'
　　* executing "test -d /usr/local/system/www/blog/releases"
　　servers: ["www.weekface.info"]
　　[www.weekface.info] executing command
　　command finished
　　* executing "test -w /usr/local/system/www/blog"
　　servers: ["www.weekface.info"]
　　[www.weekface.info] executing command
　　command finished
　　* executing "test -w /usr/local/system/www/blog/releases"
　　servers: ["www.weekface.info"]
　　[www.weekface.info] executing command
　　command finished
　　* executing "which git"
　　servers: ["www.weekface.info"]
　　[www.weekface.info] executing command
　　www.weekface.info: sh: which: command not found
　　command finished
　　The following dependencies failed. Please check them and try again:
　　--> `git' could not be found in the path (www.weekface.info) #见上面的解决办法:set :scm_command, "/usr/local/git/bin/git"
　　再试一下:
　　[root@master blog]# cap deploy:check
　　* executing `deploy:check'
　　* executing "test -d /usr/local/system/www/blog/releases"
　　servers: ["www.weekface.info"]
　　[www.weekface.info] executing command
　　command finished
　　* executing "test -w /usr/local/system/www/blog"
　　servers: ["www.weekface.info"]
　　[www.weekface.info] executing command
　　command finished
　　* executing "test -w /usr/local/system/www/blog/releases"
　　servers: ["www.weekface.info"]
　　[www.weekface.info] executing command
　　command finished
　　* executing "which /usr/local/git/bin/git"
　　servers: ["www.weekface.info"]
　　[www.weekface.info] executing command
　　command finished
　　You appear to have all necessary dependencies installed
　　这就代表检查成功了!
　　下面就开始第一次部署：
　　[root@master blog]# cap deploy:cold
　　* executing `deploy:cold'
　　* executing `deploy:update'
　　** transaction: start
　　* executing `deploy:update_code'
　　executing locally: "/usr/local/git/bin/git ls-remote ssh://www.weekface.info/usr/local/system/repository/blog.git HEAD"
　　* executing "/usr/local/git/bin/git clone -q ssh://www.weekface.info/usr/local/system/repository/blog.git /usr/local/system/www/blog/releases/20100107141957 && cd /usr/local/system/www/blog/releases/20100107141957 && /usr/local/git/bin/git checkout -q -b deploy a2546709a9109af3d6f098030c2fb7e3acc89b12 && (echo a2546709a9109af3d6f098030c2fb7e3acc89b12 > /usr/local/system/www/blog/releases/20100107141957/REVISION)"
　　servers: ["www.weekface.info"]
　　[www.weekface.info] executing command
　　** [www.weekface.info :: err] Host key verification failed. #这里这里
　　** [www.weekface.info :: err] fatal: The remote end hung up unexpectedly
　　command finished
　　*** [deploy:update_code] rolling back
　　* executing "rm -rf /usr/local/system/www/blog/releases/20100107141957; true"
　　servers: ["www.weekface.info"]
　　[www.weekface.info] executing command
　　command finished
　　failed: "sh -c '/usr/local/git/bin/git clone -q ssh://www.weekface.info/usr/local/system/repository/blog.git /usr/local/system/www/blog/releases/20100107141957 && cd /usr/local/system/www/blog/releases/20100107141957 && /usr/local/git/bin/git checkout -q -b deploy a2546709a9109af3d6f098030c2fb7e3acc89b12 && (echo a2546709a9109af3d6f098030c2fb7e3acc89b12 > /usr/local/system/www/blog/releases/20100107141957/REVISION)'" on www.weekface.info
　　解决办法是修改config/deploy.rb,加入:
　　set :branch, 'master'
　　set :deploy_via, :copy
　　继续:
　　[root@master blog]# cap deploy:cold
　　...
　　...
　　* executing "cd /usr/local/system/www/blog/releases/20100107143738; rake RAILS_ENV=production  db:migrate"
　　servers: ["www.weekface.info"]
　　[www.weekface.info] executing command
　　*** [err :: www.weekface.info] sh: rake: command not found
　　command finished
　　failed: "sh -c 'cd /usr/local/system/www/blog/releases/20100107143738; rake RAILS_ENV=production  db:migrate'" on www.weekface.info
　　google了一下,在config/deploy.rb加入:
　　set :rake, "/usr/local/system/ruby/rake"
　　然后再继续:
　　[root@master blog]# cap deploy:cold
　　...
　　...
　　library: no such file to load -- system_timer #解决办法 : gem install system_timer
　　呵呵，以后再部署就可以直接用:
　　cap deploy
　　如果发生问题要rollback可以用:
　　cap deploy:rollback
　　到此为止…睡觉去
　　Rails启动时有个错:uninitialized constant User::Authentication,结果发现是restful_authentation这个插件目录里是空的，不知道怎么搞的，重新把文件拷贝过去就行了.
　　接下来还有在deploy.rb文件里自定义一些任务(task)，完成一些其他任务,比如建立public/photos的连结等等:
　　首先，从git中删除不需要版本控制的文件:
　　在本机的blog目录下新建文件.gitignore:
　　config/database.yml
　　config/environment.rb
　　public/photos
　　log
　　nbproject
　　*~
　　*.cache
　　*.log
　　*.pid
　　tmp/**/*
　　以上这些文件都不需要版本控制,然后push,同时在服务器上要将config/database.yml，config/environment.rb，public/photos/*文件给他复制到shared目录下，并且将这些文件目录从git中删除，一会我们会给他 在部署的时候作link
　　[root@master blog]# git add .gitignore
　　[root@master blog]# git commit -am "add .gitignore"
　　[root@master blog]# git push
　　编辑deploy.rb文件，加入一下tasks:

　　desc "Symlink shared configs and folders on each>　　task :symlink_shared do
　　run "ln -nfs #{shared_path}/config/database.yml #{release_path}/config/database.yml"
　　run "ln -nfs #{shared_path}/config/environment.rb #{release_path}/config/environment.rb"
　　run "ln -nfs #{shared_path}/public/photos #{release_path}/public/photos"
　　#run "export RAILS_ENV=production && #{release_path}/script/workling_client start"
　　end
　　after 'deploy:update_code', 'deploy:symlink_shared'
　　基本就是这样了，以后还会介绍在实际使用过程中遇到的一些问题：
　　Rails Error: Unable to access log file. Please ensure that /usr/local/system/www/blog/releases/20100109050547/log/production.log exists and is chmod 0666. The log level has been raised to WARN and the output directed to STDERR until the problem is fixed.
　　这个问题主要是因为shared/log目录没有可写权限，解决办法:
　　[root@li96-10 shared]# chmod -R 0666 log
　　还有一个问题:重启workling时报错:/usr/bin/env: ruby no such file or directory
　　* executing "cd /usr/local/system/www/blog/releases/20100109062537 && RAILS_ENV=production ./script/workling_client stop"
　　servers: ["www.weekface.info"]
　　[www.weekface.info] executing command
　　*** [err :: www.weekface.info] /usr/bin/env: ruby
　　*** [err :: www.weekface.info] : No such file or directory
　　原因是找不到ruby，下面是暂时解决办法:
　　[root@master blog]# vim script/workling_client
　　#将第一行的 ：#!/usr/bin/env ruby
　　#修改为: #!/usr/local/system/ruby-1.8.7-p72/bin/ruby
　　#就是hard code了，呵呵
　　[root@master blog]# git commit -am "xx"  #然后提交到git
　　就可以了