Internet路由结构（第二版）（英文版）（Internet Routing Architectures, Second Edition ）

lichengcom2009

　　本书对当代Internet的结构、服务提供商和编址技术进行了介绍。讲述了链路状态和距离向量路由选择协议的特性以及为什么需要域间路由选择协议和它们是如何工作的，并深入探讨了BGP的实用的、面向设计的应用。书中包括很多BGP属性的编码实例和许多路由选择策略。本书通过在概念上和在实例上提供实用的编址、选路和连通的技术，旨在培养读者对路由选择的理解，以便能以一种客观而又有根据的方法计划并完成主要的网络设计。学习本书，可以帮助你成为数据路由选择操作方面的专家。
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　　Part I The Contemporary lnternet

Chapter 1 Evolution of the Internet

Origins and Recent History of the Internet
From ARPANET to NSFNET
The Internet Today
NSFNET Solicitations
Network Access Points
Waht Is a NAP?
NAP Manager Solicitation
Federal Internet eXchange
commercial Internet eXchange
Current Physical Configurations at the NAP
An Alternative to NAPs:Direct Interconnections
Routing Aibiter PrOject
The Very High-Speed Backbone Network Service
Transitioning the Regional Networks from the NSFNET
NSF Solicits NIS Managers
Network Information Services
Creation of the InterNIC
Directory and Database Services
Registration Services
NIC Support SErvices
Other Internet Registries
ARIN
RIPE NCC
APNIC
Internet Routing Registries
The Once and Future Internet
Next-Generation Internet Initiative
Internet2
Abilene
Looking Ahead
Frequently Asked Questions
References

Chapter 2 ISP Services and Characteristics

ISP Services
Dedicated Internet Access
Frame Relay and ATM Internet Access
Dialup Services
Digital Subscriber Line
Cable modems
Dedicated Hosting Services
Other ISP Services
ISP Service Pricing, Service-Level Agreements, and Technical Characteristics
ISP Service Pricing
Service-Level Agreements
ISP Backbone Selection Criteria
Demarcation Point
Looking Ahead
Frequently Asked Questions

Chapter 3 IP Addressing and AlIocation Techniques

History of Internet Addressing
Basic IP Addressing
Basic IP Subnetting
VLSMs
IP Address Space Depletion
IP Address Allocation
Classless Interdomain Routing
Private Addressing and Network Address Translation
IP Version 6
Looking Ahead
Frequently Asked Questions
References

Part II Routing ProtocoI Basics

Chapter 4 lnterdomain Routing Basics

Overview of Routers and Routing
Basic Routing Example
Routing Protocol Concepts
Distance Vector Routing Protocols
Link-State Routing Protocols
Segregating the World into Autonomous Systems
Static Routing,Default Routing,and Dynamic Routing
Autonomous Systems
Looking Ahead
Frequently Asked Questions
References

Chapter 5 Border Gateway ProtocoI Version 4

How BGP Works
BGP Message Header format
BGP Neighbor Neotiation
Finite State Machine Pespective
NOTIFICATION Message
KEEPALIVE Message
UPDATE Message and Routing Information
BGP Capabilities Negotiation
Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP
TCP MD5 Signature Option
Looking Ahead
Frequently Asked Questions
References

Part III Effective Internet Routing Designs

Chapter 6 Chapter Tuning BGP Capabilities

Building Peer Sessions
Physical Versus Logical Connections
Obtaining an IP Address
Authentication the BGP Session
BGP Continuity Inside an AS
Synchronization Within an AS
Sources of Routing Updates
Injecting Information Dynamically into BGP
Injecting Information Statically into BGP
ORIGIN of Routes
An Example of Static Versus Dynamic Routing:Mobile Networks
OverIapping Protocols: Backdoors
The Routing Process Simplified
BGP Routes:Advertisement and Storage
The BGP Routing Information Bases
Routes Received from Peers
Input Policy Engine
Routes Used by the Router
Output Policy Engine
Routes Advertised to Peers
Sample Routing Environment
BGP Decision Process Summary
Controlling BGP Routes
BGP Path Attributes
NEXT_HOP Behavior on Multiaccess Media
NEXT_HOP Behavior Over Nonbroadcast Multiaccess Media
Use of next-hop-self versus Advertising DMZ
Using Private ASs
AS_PATH and Route Aggregation Issues
AS_PATH Manipulation
Route Filtering and Attribute Manipulation
Inbound and Outbound Filtering
The Route Filtering and Manipulation Process
Peer Groups
BGP-4 Aggregation
Aggregate Only,Suppressing the More-Specific Routes
Aggregate Plus More-Specific Routes
Aggregate with a Subset of the More-Specific Routes
Loss of Information Inside Aggregates
Changing the Attributes of the Aggregate
Forming the Aggregate Based on a Subset of the More-Specific Routes
Looking Ahead
Frequently Asked Questions
References

Chapter 7 Redundancy, Symmetry, and Load Balancing

Redundancy
Geographical Restrictions Pressure
Setting Default Routes
Symmetry
Load Balancing
Specific Scenarios: Designing Redundancy, Symmtry, and Load Balancing
Scenarios 1:Single-Homing
Scenarios 2:Multihoming to a single Provider
Scenarios 3:Multihoming to Different Providers
Scenarios 4:Customers of the same Provider with a Backup Link
Scenarios 5:customers of Different Providers with a Backup Link
Looldng Ahead
Frequently Asked Questions
References

Chapter 8 ControlIing Routing lnside the Autonomous System

Interaction of Non-BGP Routers with BGP Routers
Injecting BGP into the IGP
Following Defaults Inside an AS
BGP Policies Conflicting with Internal Defaults
Defaults Inside the AS:Primary/Backup BGP Policy
Defaults Inside the AS:Other BGP Policies
Policy Routing
Policy Routing Based on Traffic Source
Policy Routing Based on Traffic Source/Destination
Policy Routing Defaults to Dynamic Routing
Other Applicatoins of Policy Routing
Looking Ahead
Frequently Asked Questions

Chapter 9 Controlling Large-Scale Autonomous Systems

Route Reflectors
Internal Peers Without Route Reflectors
Internal Peers with Route Reflectors
Naming Conventions and Rules of Operation
Redundancy Issues and Multiple Route Reflectors in an AS
Route Reflection Topology Models
Route Reflectors and Peer Groups
Confederations
Confederation Drawbacks
Route Exchange and BGP Decisions with confederations
Recommended Confederation Design
Confederations Versus Route Reflectors
Controlling IGP Expansion
Segmenting the AS with Multiple Regions Separated by IBGP
Segmenting the AS with Multiple Regions Separated by EBGP
Looking Ahead
Frequently Asked Questions
References

Chapter 10 Designing Stable Internets

Route Instabilihes on the Internet
IGP Instability
Faulty Hardware
Software Problems
Insufficient CPU Power
Insufficient Memory
Network Upgrades and Routine Maintenance
Human Error
Link Congestion
BGP Stability Features
Controlling Route and Cache Invalidaton
BGP Route Refresh
Route Dampening
Looking Ahead
Frequently Asked Questions

Part IV lnternet Routing Device Configuration

Chapter 11 Configuring Basic BGP Functions and Attributes

Building Peering Sessions
Route Filtering and Attribute Manipulation
BGP Route Maps
Prefic Lists
Identifying and Filtering Routes Based on the NLRI
Identifying and Filtering Routes Based on the AS_PATH
Peer Groups
Sources of Routing Updates
Injecting Information Dynamically into BGP
Injecting Information Statically into BGP
Overlapping Protocols: Backdoors
BGP Attributes
The NEXT_HOP Attribute
The AS_PATH Attribute
The LOCAL_PREF Attribute
The MULTI_EXIT_DISC Attribute
The COMMUNITY Attribute
BGP-4 Aggregation
Aggregate Only,Suppressing the More-Specific
Aggregate Plus More-Specific Routes
Aggregate with a Subset of the More-Specific Routes
Loss of Information Inside Aggregates
Changing the Aggregate's Attributes
Forming the Aggregate Based on a subset of Specific Routes
Looking Ahead

Chapter 12 Configuring Effective Internet Routing PoIicies

Redundancy, Symmeny, and Load Balancing
Dynamically Learned Defaults
Statically Set Defaults
Multihoming to a Single Provider
Multihoming to Different Providers
Customers of the Same Provider with a Backup Link
Customers of Different Provider with a Backup Link
Following Defaults Inside an AS
BGP Policies Conflicting with the Internal Default
Policy Routing
Route Reflectors
Confederations
Controlling Route and Cache Invalidation
BGP Soft Reconfiguration
Outbound Soft Reconfiguration
Inbound Soft Reconfiguration
BGP Route Refresh
BGP Outbound Request Filter Capability
Route Dampening
Looking Ahead

Part V Appendixes

Appendix A BGP Command Reference
Appendlx B References for Further Study

Interesting Organizations
Research and Education
Miscellaneous
Books
TCP/IP-Related Sources
Routing-Related Sources
Internet Request For Conmmnts

AppendIx C BGP Outbound Route Filter (ORF)

When to Use BGP ORF
Configuration
Enabling the BGP ORF Capability as Send-Mode
Enabling the BGP ORF Capability as Receive-Mode
Ensuring Backward Compatibility of the Old Knobs
EXEC Commands
Pushing Out A Prefix List and Receiving a Route Pefresh from a Neighbor
Displaying the Prefix List Received from a Neighbor
Displaying Changes to the Neighbor BGP Table
Closing Remarks

Appendix D MuItiprotocoI BGP (MBGP)

The Motivation Behind the New Command-Line Interface
Organizing Command Groups in the New Configuration
activate
Old Style
AF Style
network
Old Style
AF Style
Peer Groups
Old Style
AF Style
Route Maps
Old Style
AF Style
Redistribution
Old Style
AF Style
Route Reflector
Old Style
AF Style
Aggregation
Old Style
AF Style
List of BGP Commands
Upgrading to the AF Style
References

Index