python的中文问题一直是困扰新手的头疼问题,这篇文章将给你详细地讲解一下这方面的知识。当然,几乎可以确定的是,在将来的版本中,python会彻底解决此问题,不用我们这么麻烦了。
先来看看python的版本:
>>> import sys
>>> sys.version
'2.5.1 (r251:54863, Apr 18 2007, 08:51:08) [MSC v.1310 32 bit (Intel)]'
(一)
用记事本创建一个文件ChineseTest.py,默认ANSI:
s = "中文"
print s
测试一下瞧瞧:
E:\Project\Python\Test>python ChineseTest.py
File "ChineseTest.py", line 1
SyntaxError: Non-ASCII character '\xd6' in file ChineseTest.py on line 1, but no encoding declared; seehttp://www.pytho
n.org/peps/pep-0263.html for details
偷偷地把文件编码改成UTF-8:
E:\Project\Python\Test>python ChineseTest.py
File "ChineseTest.py", line 1
SyntaxError: Non-ASCII character '\xe4' in file ChineseTest.py on line 1, but no encoding declared; seehttp://www.pytho
n.org/peps/pep-0263.html for details
无济于事。。。
既然它提供了网址,那就看看吧。简单地浏览一下,终于知道如果文件里有非ASCII字符,需要在第一行或第二行指定编码声明。把ChineseTest.py文件的编码重新改为ANSI,并加上编码声明:
# coding=gbk
s = "中文"
print s
再试一下:
E:\Project\Python\Test>python ChineseTest.py
中文
正常咯:)
(二)
看一看它的长度:
# coding=gbk
s = "中文"
print len(s)
结果:4。
s这里是str类型,所以计算的时候一个中文相当于两个英文字符,因此长度为4。
我们这样写:
# coding=gbk
s = "中文"
s1 = u"中文"
s2 = unicode(s, "gbk") #省略参数将用python默认的ASCII来解码
s3 = s.decode("gbk") #把str转换成unicode是decode,unicode函数作用与之相同
print len(s1)
print len(s2)
print len(s3)
结果:
2
2
2
(三)
接着来看看文件的处理:
建立一个文件test.txt,文件格式用ANSI,内容为:
abc中文
用python来读取
# coding=gbk
print open("Test.txt").read()
结果:abc中文
把文件格式改成UTF-8:
结果:abc涓 枃
显然,这里需要解码:
# coding=gbk
import codecs
print open("Test.txt").read().decode("utf-8")
结果:abc中文
上面的test.txt我是用Editplus来编辑的,但当我用Windows自带的记事本编辑并存成UTF-8格式时,
运行时报错:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "ChineseTest.py", line 3, in
print open("Test.txt").read().decode("utf-8")
UnicodeEncodeError: 'gbk' codec can't encode character u'\ufeff' in position 0: illegal multibyte sequence
原来,某些软件,如notepad,在保存一个以UTF-8编码的文件时,会在文件开始的地方插入三个不可见的字符(0xEF 0xBB 0xBF,即BOM)。
因此我们在读取时需要自己去掉这些字符,python中的codecs module定义了这个常量:
# coding=gbk
import codecs
data = open("Test.txt").read()
if data[:3] == codecs.BOM_UTF8:
data = data[3:]
print data.decode("utf-8")
结果:abc中文
(四)一点遗留问题
在第二部分中,我们用unicode函数和decode方法把str转换成unicode。为什么这两个函数的参数用"gbk"呢?
第一反应是我们的编码声明里用了gbk(# coding=gbk),但真是这样?
修改一下源文件:
# coding=utf-8
s = "中文"
print unicode(s, "utf-8")
运行,报错:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "ChineseTest.py", line 3, in
s = unicode(s, "utf-8")
UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf8' codec can't decode bytes in position 0-1: invalid data
显然,如果前面正常是因为两边都使用了gbk,那么这里我保持了两边utf-8一致,也应该正常,不至于报错。
更进一步的例子,如果我们这里转换仍然用gbk:
# coding=utf-8
s = "中文"
print unicode(s, "gbk")
结果:中文
翻阅了一篇英文资料,它大致讲解了python中的print原理:
When Python executes a print statement, it simply passes the output to the operating system (using fwrite() or something like it), and some other program is responsible for actually displaying that output on the screen. For example, on Windows, it might bethe Windows console subsystem that displays the result. Or if you're using Windows and running Python on a Unix box somewhere else, your Windows SSH client is actually responsible for displaying the data. If you are running Python in an xterm on Unix, thenxterm and your X server handle the display.
To print data reliably, you must know the encoding that this display program expects.
Strings
The items of a string are characters. There is no separate
character type; a character is represented by a string of one item.
Characters represent (at least) 8-bit bytes. The built-in functions
chr() and ord() convert between characters and nonnegative integers
representing the byte values. Bytes with the values 0-127 usually
represent the corresponding ASCII values, but the interpretation of
values is up to the program. The string data type is also used to
represent arrays of bytes, e.g., to hold data read from a file.
(On systems whose native character set is not ASCII, strings
may use EBCDIC in their internal representation, provided the
functions chr() and ord() implement a mapping between ASCII and
EBCDIC, and string comparison preserves the ASCII order. Or perhaps
someone can propose a better rule?)
Unicode
The items of a Unicode object are Unicode code units. A
Unicode code unit is represented by a Unicode object of one item and
can hold either a 16-bit or 32-bit value representing a Unicode
ordinal (the maximum value for the ordinal is given in sys.maxunicode,
and depends on how Python is configured at compile time). Surrogate
pairs may be present in the Unicode object, and will be reported as
two separate items. The built-in functions unichr() and ord() convert
between code units and nonnegative integers representing the Unicode
ordinals as defined in the Unicode Standard 3.0. Conversion from and
to other encodings are possible through the Unicode method encode()
and the built-in function unicode().
这里面是这么几句:
"The items of a string are characters", "The items of a Unicode object
are Unicode code units", "The string data type is also used to
represent arrays of bytes, e.g., to hold data read from a file."
一二句说明 str 和 unicode 的组成单元(item)是什么(因为它们同是 sequence ) 。sequence 默认的
__len__ 函数的返回值正是该序列组成单元的个数。这样的话,len('abcd') == 4 和 len(u'我是中文') == 4 就很
容易理解了。
第三句告诉我们像从文件输入输出的时候是用 str 来表示数据的数组。不止是文件操作,我想在网络传输的时候应该也是这样的。这就是为什么一个
unicode 字符串在写入文件或者在网络上传输的时候要进行编码的原因了。